tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8035451045860770112024-02-22T03:15:54.618-08:00MEDIA BELAJARsalsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.comBlogger106125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-79086139328527611072018-05-07T18:37:00.002-07:002018-05-07T18:37:36.149-07:00BELAJAR BERSAMA RUMAH BELAJAR <div style="text-align: center;">
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salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-60815305208506682482018-05-07T18:36:00.001-07:002018-05-07T18:36:22.143-07:00Teleskop <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Teleskop</strong> atau <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teropong-bintang/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teropong bintang">teropong bintang</a></span> digunakan untuk memperbesar benda yang sangat jauh letaknya. Pada kebanyakan kasus di dalam penggunaan <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teleskop/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teleskop">teleskop</a></span>, benda bisa dianggap berada pada jarak tak berhingga. Galileo, walaupun bukan penemu <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teleskop/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teleskop">teleskop</a></span>, ia mengembangkan <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teleskop/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teleskop">teleskop</a></span> menjadi instrumen yang penting dan dapat digunakan. Galileo merupakan orang pertama yang meneliti ruang angkasa dengan teleskop, dan ia membuat penemuan-penemuan yang mengguncang dunia, di antaranya satelit-satelit Jupiter, fase Venus, bercak matahari, struktur permukaan bulan, dan bahwa galaksi Bimasakti terdiri dari sejumlah besar bintang-bintang individu.</div>
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Pengertian <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teleskop-teropong-bintang/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Teleskop (Teropong Bintang)">Teleskop (Teropong Bintang)</a></span></h2>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Teropong bintang</strong> adalah teropong yang digunakan untuk melihat atau mengamati benda-benda langit, seperti bintang, planet, dan satelit. Nama lain teropong bintang adalah teropong astronomi. Ditinjau dari jalannya sinar, teropong bintang dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teropong-bias/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teropong bias">teropong bias</a></span> dan <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teropong-pantul/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teropong pantul">teropong pantul</a></span>.</div>
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Jenis-Jenis <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teleskop-teropong-bintang/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Teleskop (Teropong Bintang)">Teleskop (Teropong Bintang)</a></span></h3>
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Secara garis besar, teleskop atau teropong bintang (teropong astronomi) dikelompokkan menjadi dua jenis, yaitu <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teleskop-pembias/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teleskop pembias">teleskop pembias</a></span> (<span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/keplerian/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Keplerian">Keplerian</a></span>) dan <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teleskop-pemantul/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teleskop pemantul">teleskop pemantul</a></span>.</div>
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Teleskop Pembias (<span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/keplerian/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Keplerian">Keplerian</a></span>)</h3>
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Teropong bias terdiri atas dua lensa cembung, yaitu sebagai lensa objektif dan okuler. Sinar yang masuk ke dalam teropong dibiaskan oleh lensa. Oleh karena itu, teropong ini disebut <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teropong-bias/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teropong bias">teropong bias</a></span>. Teleskop pembias terdiri dari dua lensa konvergen (lensa cembung) yang berada pada ujung-ujung berlawanan dari tabung yang panjang, seperti diilustrasikan pada gambar berikut.</div>
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Lensa yang paling dekat dengan objek disebut lensa objektif dan akan membentuk bayangan nyata <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">I</em><sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">1</sub> dari benda yang jatuh pada bidang titik fokusnya <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">F<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">ob</sub></em> (atau di dekatnya jika benda tidak berada pada tak berhingga). Walaupun bayangan <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">I<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">1</sub></em> lebih kecil dari benda aslinya, ia membentuk sudut yang lebih besar dan sangat dekat ke lensa okuler, yang berfungsi sebagai pembesar. Dengan demikian, lensa okuler memperbesar bayangan yang dihasilkan oleh lensa objektif untuk menghasilkan bayangan kedua yang jauh lebih besar <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">I<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">2</sub></em>, yang bersifat maya dan terbalik.</div>
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Benda yang diamati terletak di titik jauh tak hingga, sehingga bayangan yang dibentuk oleh lensa objektif tepat berada pada titik fokusnya. Bayangan yang dibentuk lensa objektif merupakan benda bagi lensa okuler. Lensa okuler berfungsi sebagai lup.</div>
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Lensa objektif mempunyai fokus lebih panjang daripada lensa okuler (lensa okuler lebih kuat daripada lensa objektif). Hal ini dimaksudkan agar diperoleh bayangan yang jelas dan besar. Bayangan yang dibentuk oleh lensa objektif selalu bersifat nyata, terbalik, dan diperkecil. Bayangan yang dibentuk lensa okuler bersifat maya, terbalik, dan diperkecil terhadap benda yang diamati. Seperti pada mikroskop, teropong bintang juga dapat digunakan dengan mata berakomodasi maksimum dan dengan mata tak berakomodasi.</div>
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Jika mata yang melihat rileks (tak berakomodasi), lensa okuler dapat diatur sehingga bayangan <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">I<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">2</sub></em> berada pada tak berhingga. Kemudian bayangan nyata <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">I<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">1</sub> </em>berada pada titik fokus f ‘ok dari okuler, dan jarak antara lensa objektif dengan lensa okuler adalah <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">d = f<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">ob</sub> + f ‘<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">ok</sub></em> untuk benda pada jarak tak berhingga. Perbesaran total dari teleskop dapat diketahui dengan melihat bahwa <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">θ</em> ≈ <img align="absmiddle" alt="\frac{h}{f'_{ob}}" src="http://chart.apis.google.com/chart?cht=tx&chl=\frac{h}{f%27_{ob}}" style="max-width: 558px; padding: 0px;" /> , di mana <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">h</em> adalah tinggi bayangan <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">I<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">1</sub></em> dan kita anggap <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">θ</em>kecil, sehingga tan <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">θ</em> ≈ <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">θ</em> . Kemudian garis yang paling tebal untuk berkas sinar sejajar dengan sumbu utama tersebut, sebelum jatuh pada okuler, sehingga melewati titik fokus okuler<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> F<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">ok</sub></em>, berarti <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">θ’</em> ≈<img align="absmiddle" alt="\frac{h}{f'_{ok}}" src="http://chart.apis.google.com/chart?cht=tx&chl=\frac{h}{f%27_{ok}}" style="max-width: 558px; padding: 0px;" />. Perbesaran anguler (daya perbesaran total) teleskop adalah:</div>
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<img align="absmiddle" alt="M=\frac{\theta '}{\theta }=-\frac{f_{ob}}{f_{ok}}" class="mathtex-equation-editor aligncenter" src="http://chart.apis.google.com/chart?cht=tx&chl=M%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctheta%20%27%7D%7B%5Ctheta%20%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7Bf_%7Bob%7D%7D%7Bf_%7Bok%7D%7D" style="display: block; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 558px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;" /></div>
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Tanda minus (-) untuk menunjukkan bahwa bayangan yang terbentuk bersifat terbalik. Untuk mendapatkan perbesaran yang lebih besar, lensa objektif harus memiliki panjang fokus ( <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">f<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">ob</sub></em>) yang panjang dan panjang fokus yang pendek untuk okuler (<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">f<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">ok</sub></em>).</div>
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Teleskop Pemantul</h3>
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Karena jalannya sinar di dalam teropong dengan cara memantul maka teropong ini dinamakan <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teropong-pantul/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teropong pantul">teropong pantul</a></span>. Pada <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teropong-pantul/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teropong pantul">teropong pantul</a></span>, cahaya yang datang dikumpulkan oleh sebuah cermin melengkung yang besar. Cahaya tersebut kemudian dipantulkan ke mata pengamat oleh satu atau lebih cermin yang lebih kecil.</div>
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Sebelumnya telah disebutkan bahwa untuk membuat <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teleskop-pembias/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teleskop pembias">teleskop pembias</a></span> (<span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teleskop-astronomi/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teleskop astronomi">teleskop astronomi</a></span>) berukuran besar diperlukan konstruksi dan pengasahan lensa besar yang sangat sulit. Untuk mengatasi hal ini, umumnya teleskop-teleskop paling besar merupakan jenis <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teleskop-pemantul/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teleskop pemantul">teleskop pemantul</a></span> yang menggunakan cermin lengkung sebagai objektif, gambar dibawah, karena cermin hanya memiliki satu permukaan sebagai dasarnya dan dapat ditunjang sepanjang permukaannya.</div>
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Keuntungan lain dari cermin sebagai objektif adalah tidak memperlihatkan aberasi kromatik karena cahaya tidak melewatinya. Selain itu, cermin dapat menjadi dasar dalam bentuk parabola untuk membetulkan aberasi sferis. Teleskop pemantul pertama kali diusulkan oleh Newton. Biasanya lensa atau <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/cermin-okuler/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in cermin okuler">cermin okuler</a></span>, tampak seperti pada gambar diatas dipindahkan sehingga bayangan nyata yang dibentuk oleh cermin objektif dapat direkam langsung pada film.</div>
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Agar <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teleskop-astronomi/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teleskop astronomi">teleskop astronomi</a></span> menghasilkan bayangan yang terang dari bintang-bintang yang jauh, lensa objektif harus besar untuk memungkinkan cahaya masuk sebanyak mungkin. Dan memang, diameter objektif merupakan parameter yang paling penting untuk <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/teleskop-astronomi/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in teleskop astronomi">teleskop astronomi</a></span>, yang merupakan alasan mengapa teleskop yang paling besar dispesifikasikan dengan menyebutkan diameter objektifnya, misalnya <a href="http://fisikazone.com/teleskop-teropong-bintang/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="teleskop">teleskop</a> Hale 200 inci di Gunung Palomar. Dalam hal ini, konstruksi dan pengasahan lensa besar sangat sulit.</div>
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salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-40139965785112597182018-05-07T18:34:00.001-07:002018-05-07T18:36:22.115-07:00Mikropskop<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mikroskop</strong> adalah alat untuk mengamati benda-benda yang sangat kecil. Mikroskop memiliki dua lensa cembung, yaitu lensa objektif dan lensa okuler. Lensa objektif adalah lensa yang dekat dengan objek atau benda yang akan diamati. Lensa okuler adalah lensa yang dekat dengan mata pengamat. Jarak antara lensa objektif dan lensa okuler disebut <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/panjang-mikroskop/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in panjang mikroskop">panjang mikroskop</a></span>.</div>
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<br />Fungsi Mikroskop</div>
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Mikroskop merupakan alat optik yang berfungsi untuk mengamati benda-benda renik seperti penampang daun, akar bakteri, dan sel-sel.</div>
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Benda yang akan diamati diletakkan dekat dengan lensa objektif yang membentuk bayangan nyata, diperbesar, dan terbalik. Bayangan yang dibentuk lensa objektif merupakan benda untuk lensa okuler dan bayangan yang dibentuk okuler akan dilihat oleh mata.</div>
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Bayangan benda yang dibentuk lensa objektif akan menjadi benda untuk lensa okuler. Perbesaran yang diperoleh adalah perbesaran lensa objektif dikalikan perbesaran okuler. Lensa okuler merupakan lup dalam pengamatannya.</div>
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Agar benda yang diamati dapat kelihatan besar sekali dan <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/mikroskop/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in mikroskop">mikroskop</a></span> tidak terlalu panjang, f objektif dibuat lebih pendek dari f okuler (lensa objektif lebih kuat daripada lensa okuler). Benda yang akan diamati diletakkan di depan lensa objektif antara titik F dan 2F atau (f < s < 2f).</div>
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Bayangan yang dibentuk lensa objektif dianggap benda oleh lensa okuler. Lensa okuler berfungsi sebagai lup.</div>
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Pemakaian Mikroskop</h3>
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Dalam pemakaian sehari-hari posisi <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/mikroskop/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in mikroskop">mikroskop</a></span> biasanya tegak sehingga sumbu utama <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/mikroskop/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in mikroskop">mikroskop</a></span> tersebut juga tegak. Akan tetapi, untuk mempermudah dalam mengikuti jalannya sinar, sumbu utama mikroskop dilukis mendatar. Pengamatan menggunakan mikroskop dapat dilakukan dengan mata berakomodasi maksimum dan mata tak berakomodasi.</div>
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1. Mata berakomodasi maksimum</h3>
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Perhatikan gambar a di bawah ini. Oleh karena lensa okuler berfungsi sebagai lup, untuk pengamatan dengan mata berakomodasi maksimum, lensa okuler diatur demikian agar bayangan yang dibentuk oleh lensa objektif jatuh di antara titik 0 dan F lensa okuler.</div>
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Menggunakan mikroskop dengan mata berakomodasi maksimum</div>
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Dengan demikian, perbesaran anguler dapat dicari sebagai berikut.</div>
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<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">γ = M<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">objektif </sub></em>x<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> M<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">okuler</sub></em></div>
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karena γ lup = <img align="absmiddle" alt="\frac{S_{n}}{f}" class="mathtex-equation-editor" src="http://chart.apis.google.com/chart?cht=tx&chl=%5Cfrac%7BS_%7Bn%7D%7D%7Bf%7D" style="max-width: 558px; padding: 0px;" /> + 1, maka</div>
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<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">γ =</em> <img align="absmiddle" alt="\frac{S_{S'_{ob}}}{S_{ob}}\left ( \frac {S_{n}}{f_{ok}} +1\right )" class="mathtex-equation-editor" src="http://chart.apis.google.com/chart?cht=tx&chl=%5Cfrac%7BS_%7BS%27_%7Bob%7D%7D%7D%7BS_%7Bob%7D%7D%5Cleft%20(%20%5Cfrac%20%7BS_%7Bn%7D%7D%7Bf_%7Bok%7D%7D%20%2B1%5Cright%20)" style="max-width: 558px; padding: 0px;" /> (<span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/rumus-perbesaran-mikroskop/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in rumus perbesaran mikroskop">rumus perbesaran mikroskop</a></span> untuk mata berakomodasi maksimum)</div>
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Panjang mikroskop dapat dinyatakan:</div>
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<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">L = s′<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">ob</sub> + s<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">ok</sub></em></div>
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2. Mata tak berakomodasi</h3>
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Perhatikan gambar dibawah. Oleh karena lensa okuler berfungsi sebagai lup, untuk pengamatan dengan mata tak berakomodasi, lensa okuler harus digeser demikian agar bayangan yang dibentuk oleh lensa objektif jatuh pada F (titik fokus) lensa okuler. Dengan demikian, perbesaran angulernya dapat dicari sebagai berikut.</div>
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<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">γ = M<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">objektif </sub></em>x<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> M<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">okuler</sub></em> → karena γ lup = <img align="absmiddle" alt="\frac{S_{n}}{f}" class="mathtex-equation-editor" src="http://chart.apis.google.com/chart?cht=tx&chl=%5Cfrac%7BS_%7Bn%7D%7D%7Bf%7D" style="max-width: 558px; padding: 0px;" /> , maka</div>
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<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">γ = <img align="absmiddle" alt="\frac{S_{S'_{ob}}}{S_{ob}}\text{ x }\frac {S_{n}}{f_{ok}} " class="mathtex-equation-editor" src="http://chart.apis.google.com/chart?cht=tx&chl=%5Cfrac%7BS_%7BS%27_%7Bob%7D%7D%7D%7BS_%7Bob%7D%7D%5Ctext%7B%20x%20%7D%5Cfrac%20%7BS_%7Bn%7D%7D%7Bf_%7Bok%7D%7D%20" style="max-width: 558px; padding: 0px;" /> </em>(rumus perbesaran <a href="http://fisikazone.com/mikroskop-fungsi-dan-pemakaian-mikroskop/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="mikroskop">mikroskop</a> untuk mata tak berakomodasi)</div>
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Panjang mikroskop dapat dinyatakan:</div>
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<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">L = s′<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">ob</sub> + f<sub style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">ok</sub></em><span style="text-align: center;">Menggunakan mikroskop dengan mata tak berakomodasi</span></div>
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salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-50241099660682708012018-05-07T18:30:00.001-07:002018-05-07T18:36:22.129-07:00Kaca pembesar <div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 15px; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: underline; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Lup (Kaca Pembesar) : Pengertian, Bagian, Cara Kerja, Dan Rumus Beserta Contoh Soalnya Lengkap</span></em></span>– Pernahkah anda mendengar kata kaca pembesar ?? kaca pembesar bisa disebut juga dengan lup. Tapi tahukah anda pengertian, bagian, cara kerja, dan rumus lup (kaca pembesar) beserta contoh soalnya lengkap. Jika belum mengetahuinya pada kesempatan kali ini akan membahas tentang lup (kaca pembesar secara lengkap. Oleh karena itu marilah simak ulasan yang ada dibawah berikut ini.</div>
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Pengertian Lup (Kaca Pembesar)</h2>
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Lup merupakan alat optik yang terdiri dari sebuah lensa cembung dipergunakan untuk melihat benda kecil supaya tampak lebih jelas atau lebih besar dari ukuran sebenarnya. Lensa cembung pada lup akan membentuk bayangan maya yang diperbesar dari sebuah benda yang diletakkan di antara titik fokus (f) dengan titik pusat lensa. Benda dapat diamati dalam dua keadaaan, yakni ketika mata berakomodasi maksimum dan mata berakomodasi tidak maksimum.</div>
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Pada saat mata berakomodasi maksimum, benda harus diletakkan di antara lensa dan titik fokus. Sedangkan, pengamatan benda dengan mata tidak berakomodasi benda harus diletakkan tepat di titik fokus lup.</div>
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Bagian-Bagian Lup (Kaca Pembesar)</h2>
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Lup terdiri atas beberapa bagian, diantaranya :</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">a. Tangkai Lup</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Tangkai dipakai pengamat untuk memegang Lup.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">b. Skrup penghubung</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Skrup penghubung ini memiliki fungsi untuk menghubungkan antara tangkai Lup<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />dengan kepala Lup.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">c. Kepala/bingkai Lup</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Lingkaran yang dipakai sebagai bingkai lensa cembung pada Lup</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">d. Lensa Cembung Lup</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Lensa cembung berfungsi untuk memperbesar benda berukuran kecil agar tampak lebih besar.</div>
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Cara Kerja Lup (Kaca Pembesar)</h2>
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Cahaya yang melewati lup membelok ke dalam untuk mengumpul di sebuah titik focus pada sisi kedua lensa. Benda yang diamati diletakkan di ruang 1 sehingga menghasilkan bayangan maya, terbalik. Cara memakai lup ada 2 yakni mata berakomodasi maksimum dan mata tidak berakomodasi.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">1. Mata berakomodasi maksimum</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Akomodasi maksimum terjadi saat otot siliari mata dalam kondisi paling tegang.<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Pengamatan dengan mata berakomodasi maksimum mengakibatkan mata cepat lelah tetapi keuntungannya menghasilkan perbesaran maksimum.<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Ketika melakukan pengamatan dengan mata berakomodasi maksimum benda yang akan diamati diletakkan di ruang 1, sehingga berlaku rumus lensa cembung:</div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">1/s = 1/f – 1/s’</span></em></div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Keterangan :</span></em><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />s = jarak benda<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />f = jarak fokus<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />s’ = jarak bayangan</div>
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Lup adalah lensa cembung sehingga jarak fokus bertanda positif. Bayangan maya sehingga s’ bertanda negatif. titik dekat mata 25 cm<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Perbesaran anguler untuk mata berakomodasi maksimum :</div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">M=25/f – 25/-25 Atau M= 25/f+1</span></em></div>
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Dimana :<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />M = perbesaran angular<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />f = jarak titik fokus lensa</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">2. Mata Tak Berakomodasi</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Mata tak berakomodasi ketika melihat benda otot siliar dalam keadaan rileks. Pengamatan dengan mata tidak berakomodai menguntungkan karena mata tidak cepat lelah tetapi perbesaran kurang maksimum. Ketika melakukuan pengamatan dengan mata tak berakomodasi benda yang akan diamati harus diletakkan tepat di titik fokus. Perbesaran anguler yang didapatkan yaitu :</div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">M=25/f</span></em></div>
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Rumus Lup (Kaca Pembesar)</h2>
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Perbesaran anguler (Ma) pada lup dihitung dengan membandingkan antara sudut α dan sudut β:</div>
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<a href="http://www.gurupendidikan.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/perbesarn-anguler-Ma.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; transition: all 0.25s ease;"><img alt="perbesarn anguler (Ma)" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-8503" height="63" src="http://www.gurupendidikan.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/perbesarn-anguler-Ma.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; max-width: 100%; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; vertical-align: middle;" width="121" /></a></div>
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Karena benda sangat kecil, maka sudut α dan β juga kecil, maka perhitungan perbesaran anguler menjadi:<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Pengertian Lup (Kaca Pembesar), Rumus dan Contoh Soalnya</div>
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<a href="http://www.gurupendidikan.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/perbesaran-anguler.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; transition: all 0.25s ease;"><img alt="perbesaran anguler" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-8502" height="61" src="http://www.gurupendidikan.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/perbesaran-anguler.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; max-width: 100%; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; vertical-align: middle;" width="134" /></a></div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Keterangan :</span></em></div>
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Ma = Perbesaran anguler<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />α = Sudut antara mata dan benda tanpa lup<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />β = Sudut antara mata dan benda dengan menggunakan lup<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />Sn = Jarak antara lensa dan bayangan benda dengan menggunakan lup (atau titik dekat mata)<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />= Jarak antara lensa dan benda dengan menggunakan Lup</div>
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Contoh Soal</h2>
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Sebuah lup dengan titik fokus 2.5 cm. tentukan perbesaran lup apabila mata tak berakomodasi dan mata berakomodasi maksimum!<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" /><em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Diketahui :</span></em><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />f = 2.5 cm</div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">ditanya :</span></em><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />M . . .?</div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Jawab :</span></em></div>
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a. Mata tak berakomodasi<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />M = 25/f<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />M = 25/2.5<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />M = 10 kali</div>
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b. Mata berakomodasi maksimum<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />M = (25/f)+1<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />M = (25/2.5)+1<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />M = (10)+1<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;" />M = 11 kali</div>
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SUMBER : <a href="http://www.gurupendidikan.co.id/lup-kaca-pembesar-pengertian-bagian-cara-kerja-dan-rumus-beserta-contoh-soalnya-lengkap/">http://www.gurupendidikan.co.id/lup-kaca-pembesar-pengertian-bagian-cara-kerja-dan-rumus-beserta-contoh-soalnya-lengkap/</a></div>
salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-41898019182846082162018-05-07T18:27:00.001-07:002018-05-07T18:27:14.990-07:00Kamera <h2 style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 13px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">KERJA KAMERA</span></h2>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari terdapat banyak peralatan optik yang didasarkan pada peristiwa pembiasan dan <a href="http://www.fisikabc.com/2017/10/pemantulan-cahaya.html" style="color: #6bcbca; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">pemantulan cahaya</a>. Salah satu alat optik yang paling banyak dikenal masyarakat adalah kamera. Nah, pada kesempatan kali ini kita akan belajar mengenai definisi, bagian-bagian dan fungsi (diagram), prinsip kerja, dan proses pembentukan bayangan pada kamera lengkap dengan contoh soal dan pembahasannya. Untuk itu silahkan simak penjelasan berikut.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more" style="background-color: white; color: #6bcbca; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"></a><br style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;" /></span>
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<span class="rvts3" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 20pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Pengertian Kamera</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">Kamera adalah alat yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan <a href="http://www.fisikabc.com/2017/10/perbedaan-bayangan-maya-dan-nyata.html" style="color: #6bcbca; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">bayangan</a> fotografi pada film negatif. Pernahkah kalian menggunakan kamera? Biasanya kalian menggunakan kamera untuk mengabadikan kejadian-kejadian penting. Selain digunakan untuk mengambil (</span><span class="rvts4" style="font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">capturing</span><span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">) gambar, kamera canggih dewasa ini juga dapat digunakan untuk merekam (</span><span class="rvts4" style="font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">recording</span><span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">) suatu kejadian atau aktivitas tertentu, seperti orang berjalan, menari, tertawa, dan sebagainya.</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts3" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 20pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bagian-Bagian Kamera dan Fungsinya</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Kamera bekerja seperti <a href="http://www.fisikabc.com/2017/12/bagian-bagian-mata-dan-fungsinya.html" style="color: #6bcbca; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">mata</a> kita. Komponen-komponen dasar penyusun kamera hampir sama dengan mata kita. Perhatikan gambar di bawah ini. Fungsi dari setiap komponen kamera adalah sebagai berikut.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWPBSDp4J6U1EGMQP1ZvfBHUXXGhi4xROaGfYAYcyQmtgf0W0QZqp8ZhS_E6JuIErjLY0XJOiS1NKBwdfhdn_VR5LHKGzjqS2CXLXWydfS3vwz1wb8GaLd8jmrY0MLtezJPbCA7qDjLEI/s1600/bagian-bagian-kamera-dan-fungsinya.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6bcbca; margin: 0px 1em; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="diagram bagian-bagian kamera dan fungsinya lengkap" border="0" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWPBSDp4J6U1EGMQP1ZvfBHUXXGhi4xROaGfYAYcyQmtgf0W0QZqp8ZhS_E6JuIErjLY0XJOiS1NKBwdfhdn_VR5LHKGzjqS2CXLXWydfS3vwz1wb8GaLd8jmrY0MLtezJPbCA7qDjLEI/s1600/bagian-bagian-kamera-dan-fungsinya.jpg" style="border: none; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;" title="alat optik kamera" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="rvts5" style="font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">■</span><span class="rvts6" style="font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span><span class="rvts7" style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">Lensa cembung (positif)</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.fisikabc.com/2017/11/lensa.html" style="color: #6bcbca; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Lensa</a> ini terletak di bagian depan kamera. Lensa positif berfungsi mengatur agar cahaya yang masuk dapat diterima dengan baik oleh film. Pengaturan ini dilakukan dengan cara menggerakkan susunan lensa positif menjauhi atau mendekati film. Fungsi lensa ini sama dengan fungsi lensa mata yaitu<a href="http://www.fisikabc.com/2017/10/pembiasan-cahaya.html" style="color: #6bcbca; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">membiaskan cahaya</a> yang masuk sehingga terbentuk bayangan yang nyata, terbalik, dan diperkecil.</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="rvts5" style="font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">■</span><span class="rvts6" style="font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span><span class="rvts7" style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">Diafragma</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Diafragma merupakan bagian kamera berupa celah yang berfungsi mengatur jumlah <a href="http://www.fisikabc.com/2017/09/pengertian-jenis-sifat-manfaat-dan-contoh-cahaya.html" style="color: #6bcbca; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">cahaya</a> yang masuk ke kamera. Dengan cara mengubah ukuran celah diafragma, jumlah cahaya yang masuk dapat diatur. Untuk menghasilkan gambar yang baik, celah diafragma harus diatur sedemikian rupa.</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;" /></span></span></div>
<div class="rvps1" style="background-color: white; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 13px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Jika cahaya terlalu terang celah diafragma dibuat kecil, sebaliknya jika pada ruangan redup, celah diafragma dibuka lebar. Pada kamera yang baik, besarnya celah dinyatakan dengan angka diafragma. Semakin besar angka diafragma, celah yang dihasilkan semakin kecil. Sebaliknya, semakin kecil angka diafragma, celah yang terbuka makin lebar.</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;" /></span></span></div>
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<table border="0" style="border-spacing: 0px; border-width: 0px; color: black; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><tbody style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">
<tr style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;" valign="top"><td style="background-color: #b6dde8; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 7px; position: relative; width: 1143px; word-wrap: break-word;" valign="top"><div class="rvps2" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dengan demikian, melihat dari fungsinya, diafragma pada kamera memiliki fungsi yang sama dengan pupil pada mata manusia.</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="rvts5" style="font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">■</span><span class="rvts6" style="font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span><span class="rvts7" style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">Film</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cahaya atau benda yang diterima oleh lensa akan diteruskan ke film dan membentuk bayangan nyata, terbalik, dan diperkecil. Untuk memperoleh gambar foto yang jelas dan tajam, kamera perlu difokuskan. Pemfokusan ini dilakukan dengan cara mengubah kedudukan lensa terhadap benda sesuai dengan jarak benda yang akan difoto.</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Pelat film, berfungsi sebagai tempat bayangan dan menghasilkan gambar negatif, yaitu gambar yang berwarna tidak sama dengan aslinya, tembus cahaya.</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Pada kamera sederhana, kedudukan lensa hanya bisa dilakukan jika pemakai bergerak mendekati atau menjauhi benda sampai diperoleh gambar yang diinginkan. Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi, pada kamera yang lebih modern, kedudukan lensa dapat diubah dengan memutar cincin pengatur lensa. Bahkan pada terkini, kedudukan lensa dapat diatur dengan teknologi digital.</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Pelat film menggunakan pelat seluloid yang dilapisi dengan gelatin dan perak bromida untuk menghasilkan negatifnya. Setelah dicuci, negatif tersebut dipakai untuk menghasilkan gambar positif (gambar asli) pada kertas foto. Kertas foto merupakan kertas yang ditutup dengan lapisan tipis kolodium yang dicampuri dengan perak klorida. Gambar yang ditimbulkan pada bidang transparan disebut gambar diapositif.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="rvts5" style="font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">■</span><span class="rvts6" style="font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span><span class="rvts7" style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">Prisma</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sebuah prisma digunakan pada beberapa kamera refleks lensa tunggal (SLR) modern. Dalam kamera jenis ini, prisma digunakan untuk membelokkan cahaya sehingga dapat berputar mengelilingi bagian dalam kamera agar fotografer dapat melihat gambar aktual yang akan diambilnya melalui lensa kamera.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="rvts5" style="font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">■</span><span class="rvts6" style="font-size: 16pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span><span class="rvts7" style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">Shutter</span></span></div>
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<span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Shutter atau penutup merupakan komponen yang memungkinkan lewatnya cahaya melalui lensa dalam waktu yang singkat. Untuk memperoleh hasil pemotretan yang bagus, lensa dapat kalian geser maju mundur sampai terbentuk bayangan paling jelas dengan jarak yang tepat, kemudian kalian tekan tombol shutter.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="rvts2" style="font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">Apertur berfungsi untuk mengatur besar-kecilnya diafragma</span><span class="rvts9" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">.</span></span></div>
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salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-44720112713043350402018-05-07T18:22:00.002-07:002018-05-07T18:22:41.803-07:00Indra pengelihatan pada serangga<header class="entry-header" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 604px; width: 604px;"><h1 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 5px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Proses Penglihatan Pada Mata Serangga</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Masing-masing mata serangga tersebut disebut omatidium (jamak:omatidia). Masing-masing omatidium berfungsi sebagai reseptor penglihatan yang terpisah. Setiap omatidium terdiri atas beberapa bagian, di antaranya berikut ini. (1) Lensa, permukaan depan lensamerupakan satu faset mata majemuk. (2) Kerucut kristalin, yang tembus cahaya. (3) Sel-selpenglihatan, yang peka terhadap adanya cahaya. (4) Sel-sel yang mengandung pigmen,yang memisahkan omatidia dari omatidia di sekelilingnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">berikut gambar ommatidium</span></div>
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<a href="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="ommaidium" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-248" data-attachment-id="248" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="ommaidium" data-large-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=604?w=193" data-medium-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=604?w=193" data-orig-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=604" data-orig-size="193,262" data-permalink="https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/ommaidium/" sizes="(max-width: 193px) 100vw, 193px" src="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=604" srcset="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg 193w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=110 110w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 5px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="omma2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-249" data-attachment-id="249" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="omma2" data-large-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=326" data-medium-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=300&h=143" data-orig-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg" data-orig-size="326,155" data-permalink="https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/omma2/" height="143" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" src="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=300&h=143" srcset="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=300&h=143 300w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=150&h=71 150w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg 326w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 5px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Setiap omatidium akan menyumbangkan informasi penglihatan dari satu daerah objek yang dilihat serangga, dari arah yang berbeda-beda. Bagian omatidia yang lain akan memberikan sumbangan informasi penglihatan pada daerah lainnya. Gabungan dari gambar-gambar yang dihasilkan dari setiap omatidium merupakan bayangan mosaik, yang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">menyusun seluruh pandangan serangga. Sebagai contoh, mata lalat rumah terdiri atas 6000 bentuk mata yang ditata dalam segi enam (omatidium). Setiap omatidium dihadapkan ke arah yang berbeda-beda, seperti ke depan, belakang, bawah, atas, dan ke setiap sisi, sehingga lalat dapat melihat ke mana-mana. Dengan demikian, lalat dapat mengindera dalam daerah penglihatan dari semua arah. Pada setiap omatidium, terdapat delapan neuron sel saraf reseptor (penerima cahaya), sehingga secara keseluruhan terdapat sekitar 48.000 sel pengindera di dalam matanya. Dengan kelebihannya tersebut, mata lalat dapat memproses hingga seratus gambar per detik.</span></div>
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<a href="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="mata facet" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-247" data-attachment-id="247" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="mata facet" data-large-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=318" data-medium-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=300&h=150" data-orig-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg" data-orig-size="318,159" data-permalink="https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/mata-facet/" height="150" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" src="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=300&h=150" srcset="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=300&h=150 300w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=150&h=75 150w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg 318w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 5px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Para ilmuwan berusaha mengembangkan peralatan yang diperlukan untuk kepentingan manusia dengan meniru rancangan mata lalat yang luar biasa. Misalnya, para ilmuwan mengembangkan alat detektor gerakan berkecepatan tinggi dan kamera sangat tipis yang dapat membidik ke banyak arah. Salah satunya dalam bidang yang memanfaatkan adalah bidang medis, untuk memeriksa bagian dalam lambung. Alat tersebut dikembangkan agar dapat ditelan oleh pasien. Jika sudah sampai di dalam lambung, alat tersebut akan mengumpulkan data melalui mata majemuknya dan mengirimkan laporannya tanpa kabel. Ada pula ilmuwan yang mengembangkan mata majemuk tiruan berukuran lebih kecil daripada kepala jarum pentul yang terdiri atas 8.500 lebih lensa. Namun demikian, kehebatan ciptaan manusia tersebut tidak ada artinya jika dibandingkan dengan mata majemuk serangga, misalnya capung yang mempunyai kira-kira 30.000 satuan optik di setiap matanya! Kamu mengetahui siapa pencipta mata majemuk serangga yang demikian hebat?</span></div>
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SUMBER :<a href="https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/"> https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/</a></div>
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salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-51254947761065153162018-05-07T18:19:00.001-07:002018-05-07T18:19:14.133-07:00Indra pengelihatan manusia <div id="post1133756463861678871" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI MATA</b></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Struktur Fungsi Bagian - Mata mempunyai reseptor untuk menangkap rangsang cahaya yang disebut fotoreseptor. Oleh karena itu, pada siang hari pantulan sinar matahari oleh benda-benda di sekeliling kita dapat kita tangkap dengan jelas. Sebaliknya pada malam hari, benda-benda di sekitar kita tidak memantulkan cahaya matahari seperti waktu siang hari. Akibatnya, kita hanya mampu melihat benda-benda itu bila mereka memantulkan cahaya dari sumber cahaya lain, misalnya lampu. Perhatikan Gambar 1. untuk mengetahui bagian-bagian bola mata. (Baca juga : <a href="http://perpustakaancyber.blogspot.com/2012/12/sistem-indera-pada-manusia.html" style="color: #5a66ff; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Indera Manusia</a>)</span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3czAE3voDKojK0SV38AwVUVfKvegl_XaJixO2kb3N1lpnkfwMDCgrvkuGkF4lrqIqC_AVoW5YMtc10CoXDWwXmBVspdIvrEhena4k8FPOBT9jPAaVMgGYDlCRo4wLgKSl35HCsUZk5ks/s1600/Bagian-bagian-bola-mata.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #5a66ff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="Bagian-bagian bola mata" border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3czAE3voDKojK0SV38AwVUVfKvegl_XaJixO2kb3N1lpnkfwMDCgrvkuGkF4lrqIqC_AVoW5YMtc10CoXDWwXmBVspdIvrEhena4k8FPOBT9jPAaVMgGYDlCRo4wLgKSl35HCsUZk5ks/s400/Bagian-bagian-bola-mata.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Bagian-bagian bola mata" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Gambar 1. Bagian-bagian bola mata</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mata terdiri atas beberapa bagian. Bagian-bagian mata dan fungsinya dijelaskan dalam Tabel 1. berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Tabel 1. Bagian-Bagian Mata dan Fungsinya</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bagian Mata<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sklera<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">pembungkus lapisan luar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Melindungi bola mata dari kerusakan mekanis dan memungkinkan melototnya otot mata<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Kornea<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">selaput bening tembus pandang pada bagian depan sklera<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Penerima rangsang cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mereaksikan cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">c.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Koroidea<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">lapisan tengah di antara sklera dan retina berupa selaput darah (kecuali di bagian depan)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Penyedia makan bagi bagian mata yang lain<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">d.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Iris (selaput pelangi)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">selaput berwarna (mengandung pigmen melanin) merupakan bagian depan koroidea<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Melindungi refleksi cahaya dalam mata<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mengendalikan kerja pupil<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">e.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Pupil<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">berupa lubang yang dibatasi oleh iris<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mengatur banyak sedikit cahaya yang diperlukan mata<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">f.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Lensa<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">berupa lensa bikonveks<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Membiaskan dan memfokuskan cahaya agar bayangan benda tepat jatuh pada retina mata<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">g.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Aqueous humor<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">berupa cairan encer<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Menjaga bentuk kantong depan bola mata<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">h.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Vitreous humor<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">berupa cairan bening dan kental selaput jala<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Meneruskan rangsang ke bagian mata mem-perkukuh bola mata<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Retina<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Menerima bayangan dan untuk melihat benda<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">j.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Fovea (bintik kuning)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">berupa bagian yang mengandung sel- sel kerucut<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sebagai tempat bayangan jatuh pada daerah retina<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">k.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Badan silia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">berupa otot melingkar dan otot radial yang terdekat pada ujung depan lapisan koroid yang membentuk penebalan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Menyokong lensa dan mensekresikan aqueous humor<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">l.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bintik buta<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">tempat saraf optik meninggalkan bagian dalam bola mata<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Tidak peka terhadap cahaya karena tidak mengandung sel konus dan sedikit sel batang<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">m.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Saraf mata<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">berupa serabut saraf<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Meneruskan rangsang cahaya ke saraf kranial (saraf optik)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />Rangsang yang diterima indra penglihat (mata) berupa cahaya. Cahaya yang masuk melalui kornea akan diteruskan seperti berikut.</span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cahaya <span style="line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">Aqueous humor </span><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">Pupil </span><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">Lensa </span><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">Vitreous humor </span><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">Retina</span></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Apabila cahaya yang masuk terlalu terang, pupil akan menyempit atau mengalami konstriksi. Bila cahaya redup, pupil akan melebar atau mengalami dilatasi. Cahaya yang dipantulkan ke mata masuk ke dalam retina khususnya pada fovea (bintik kuning). Cahaya ini dapat terfokus ke dalam fovea karena diatur oleh lensa. Lensa mata mempunyai kemampuan untuk memipih dan mencembung. Kemampuan ini disebut daya akomodasi. Coba</span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Anda rasakan gerakan otot mata Anda saat membaca buku ini.</span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Pada jarak seperti ini berarti jarak benda dekat. Apakah Anda merasakan adanya perubahan pada otot mata Anda bila dibandingkan dengan otot mata yang digunakan saat melihat benda yang jauh?</span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Otot yang terikat pada lensa dan dinding koroidea ini disebut otot siliaris. Otot ini berfungsi mengubah bentuk lensa. Apabila lensa digunakan untuk melihat benda jarak dekat maka lensa mata akan mencembung, bentuk lensa akan memipih bila digunakan untuk melihat benda jarak jauh. Pada retina terkandung 2 macam sel yaitu sel batang dan sel kerucut. Sel batang mengandung pigmen rhodopsin, yaitu suatu bentuk senyawa vitamin A dengan protein tertentu. Sel-sel ini paling banyak terletak di fovea dan berfungsi untuk menerima bayangan dengan cahaya lemah, dan bayangan yang terbentuk atau terpersepsi hitam putih. Perhatikan Gambar 2.</span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXqa0PhpBYP26T5NxpOLrlmFU4x2gZznHktmPsNe9NIl4iYBMGA8eprjO4gUTeJOzvGRvD7fmqn-cvIdEkpRn76vwre0qZP6eKe1Mh64J9cGWV2S5lhx6lalc-xxPQRP6MReQHqlCGGLU/s1600/Sel-kerucut-dan-sel-batang-pada-mata.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #5a66ff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="Sel kerucut dan sel batang pada mata" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXqa0PhpBYP26T5NxpOLrlmFU4x2gZznHktmPsNe9NIl4iYBMGA8eprjO4gUTeJOzvGRvD7fmqn-cvIdEkpRn76vwre0qZP6eKe1Mh64J9cGWV2S5lhx6lalc-xxPQRP6MReQHqlCGGLU/s320/Sel-kerucut-dan-sel-batang-pada-mata.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Sel kerucut dan sel batang pada mata" width="291" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Gambar 2. Sel kerucut dan sel batang pada mata</span></td></tr>
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<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Apakah Anda pernah mengalami pandangan menjadi gelap saat masuk ruangan (dari luar ruangan yang terang benderang)?</span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bagaimana hal tersebut dapat terjadi? Saat Anda berada di luar ruangan (terdapat cahaya matahari) sel kerucut melakukan tugasnya menyampaikan bayangan ke otak. Sementara itu, pigmen-pigmen rhodopsin dalam sel batang akan terurai sehingga sel batang tidak dapat bekerja dengan baik. Jika tiba-tiba Anda masuk ke ruangan gelap, pigmen-pigmen rhodopsin yang terurai dalam sel batang akan terbentuk kembali, dan sel batang akan mengambil alih tugas sel kerucut dalam menyampaikan bayangan ke otak. Terbentuknya pigmen-pigmen rhodopsin itu berlangsung secara bertahap. Hal ini menyebabkan seseorang tidak dapat segera melihat dengan jelas saat memasuki ruang gelap. Lama waktu yang diperlukan untuk proses pembentukan rhodopsin disebut waktu adaptasi rhodopsin.</span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Selain mengandung sel batang, retina juga mengandung sel kerucut atau sel konus. Sel ini mengandung iodopsin. Fungsi sel konus untuk menerima rangsang warna merah, biru, dan hijau. Setiap satu sel kerucut mengandung satu di antara ketiga pigmen. Apabila retina mata hanya memiliki satu pigmen atau sel kerucut satu maka akan mengalami buta warna. Orang yang hanya memiliki dua macam sel kerucut disebut dikromat.</span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sementara itu, orang yang hanya memiliki satu macam sel kerucut disebut monokromat. Pada monokromat, warna yang terlihat oleh mata hanya hitam dan putih serta bayangan kelabu.</span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Seluruh bagian retina terdapat sel-sel batang maupun sel kerucut, kecuali tempat saraf mata berada. Daerah tempat saraf mata ini sangat kecil hingga menyerupai sebuah titik saja. Titik kecil ini disebut bintik buta.</span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Kemampuan lensa memfokuskan bayangan pada retina berbeda-beda. Berikut ini adalah gambar lensa saat memfokuskan bayangan tersebut.</span></div>
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><div style="color: #555555;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Selain harus ada cahaya, syarat agar mata dapat melihat dengan baik yaitu mata harus dalam keadaan normal. Mata normal (emetropi) yaitu mata yang dapat berakomodasi dengan baik.Titik terjauh (punctum remotum) berada pada jarak sejauhjauhnya. Titik terdekat (punctum proximum) berada pada jarak baca ideal (25 cm) di depan mata. Perhatikan Gambar 3.</span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij0EJPcWRLxgFewHHke0w2WCMUz2Z4iI92wKZ1WkrY564xwIYJ39tEFMket1MkNmZmupiY-sU3bfRonsS4hnutHAdtRmPsFixuVq8oRuXr613xSoAHsTym8RPtFUy6m_kflT5l9BFsBS0/s1600/Lensa-mata-mampu-memipih-dan-mencembung.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #5a66ff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="Lensa mata mampu memipih dan mencembung" border="0" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij0EJPcWRLxgFewHHke0w2WCMUz2Z4iI92wKZ1WkrY564xwIYJ39tEFMket1MkNmZmupiY-sU3bfRonsS4hnutHAdtRmPsFixuVq8oRuXr613xSoAHsTym8RPtFUy6m_kflT5l9BFsBS0/s400/Lensa-mata-mampu-memipih-dan-mencembung.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Lensa mata mampu memipih dan mencembung" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Gambar 3. Lensa mata mampu memipih (a) dan mencembung (b)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Oleh karena sesuatu hal, mata dapat mengalami cacat mata. Perhatikan Gambar 4. untuk mengetahui macam-macam cacat mata.</span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZiYSv9FfXTfjfTkwSJetg5Il81w1IR_P6-ZDmXxy7-UiEv6GlS9XguiZgI3rFe3uPAR5hkYhoKalaVUP5tw6zylmflgnTSgTeD8SbPws8cPjDzHm1J1EpbfaGRMvhWf7xGby4azZiUYA/s1600/Cacat-mata-pada-manusia-hipermetropi-dan-miopi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #5a66ff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="Cacat mata pada manusia hipermetropi dan miopi" border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZiYSv9FfXTfjfTkwSJetg5Il81w1IR_P6-ZDmXxy7-UiEv6GlS9XguiZgI3rFe3uPAR5hkYhoKalaVUP5tw6zylmflgnTSgTeD8SbPws8cPjDzHm1J1EpbfaGRMvhWf7xGby4azZiUYA/s400/Cacat-mata-pada-manusia-hipermetropi-dan-miopi.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Cacat mata pada manusia hipermetropi dan miopi" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Gambar 4. Cacat mata pada manusia hipermetropi (a) dan miopi (b)</span></td></tr>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Rabun dekat (hipermetropi) adalah cacat mata yang mengakibatkan pandangan mata kabur jika melihat benda yang dekat dengan mata. Hal ini karena lensa mata tidak dapat mencembung dengan sempurna. Rabun dekat dapat dibantu dengan kacamata berlensa positif atau cembung.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Rabun jauh (miopi) adalah cacat mata yang mengakibatkan pandangan mata kabur jika melihat benda yang jauh dari mata. Hal ini karena lensa mata tidak dapat memipih dengan sempurna. Rabun jauh dapat dibantu dengan kacamata berlensa negatif atau cekung.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mata tua (presbiopi) adalah cacat mata yang mengakibatkan pandangan mata kabur jika melihat benda yang dekat maupun benda yang jauh. Cacat mata ini karena lensa mata tidak dapat berakomodasi dengan baik. Mata tua dapat dibantu dengan kacamata berlensa ganda.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Buta warna adalah cacat mata karena kerusakan sel konus, sehingga penderita tidak dapat membedakan warna. Biasanya merupakan cacat keturunan.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Astigmatisme adalah kecembungan kornea tidak merata sehingga bayangan menjadi tidak terfokus (kabur). Cacat mata ini dapat dibantu dengan lensa silinder (silindris).</span></li>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Lensa Kamera = Lensa Mata</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bagian-bagian, fungsi, dan proses yang terdapat pada kamera dibuat seperti mata manusia. Akan tetapi, kemampuan mata dalam mencembung dan memipihkan lensa tidak dapat ditiru oleh kamera. Kamera hanya dapat menyesuaikan jarak lensa agar maju dan mundur seperti sistem mata pada ikan dan hewan lain. (Sumber: Biologi, Kimball)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cara Mengatasi Mata Minus Secara Alami</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ada cara alami untuk mencegah, mengatasi, atau setidaknya untuk membuat miopi tidak semakin parah. Pertama, kurangi membaca di dalam mobil atau bus yang sedang berjalan. Kedua, lakukan latihan dengan memutar mata satu lingkaran penuh dari arah kiri ke kanan lalu dibalik dari arah kanan ke kiri. Lakukan latihan ini perlahanlahan, jangan terlalu keras agar retina tidak tertekan. Lakukan latihan tersebut berulang-ulang, jika kepala pusing, berhentilah sebentar kemudian dilanjutkan lagi. Latihan ini dapat dilakukan setiap hari selama 10 menit. Cobalah!</span></div>
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SUMBER : <a href="http://www.nafiun.com/2012/12/indera-penglihatan-pada-manusia-mata-struktur-bagian-fungsi.html">http://www.nafiun.com/2012/12/indera-penglihatan-pada-manusia-mata-struktur-bagian-fungsi.html</a></div>
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salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-10806299980752697592018-05-07T18:14:00.000-07:002018-05-07T18:14:06.027-07:00Lensa <h1 class="page-title" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; clear: both; color: #4e4e4e; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.3em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
JENIS-JENIS LENSA </h1>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Lensa adalah benda bening yang dibatasi oleh dua bidang lengkung. Lensa berdasarkan geometrinya dibedakan menjadi lensa cembung dan lensa cekung.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Lensa cembung / lensa konvergen / konveksi / lensa positif</span></div>
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<a href="https://sumadewiblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/len.jpg" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="len" height="220" src="https://sumadewiblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/len.jpg?w=400&h=220" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a) Lensa bikonveks (cembung rangkap)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b) Lensa plankonveks (cembung datar)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">c) Lensa konkal konveks (cembung cekung)</span></div>
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<a href="https://sumadewiblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/len1.jpg" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="len1" height="196" src="https://sumadewiblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/len1.jpg?w=225&h=196" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="225" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">keterangan:</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background: 0px 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; color: #4e4e4e; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><tbody style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td bgcolor="white" height="112" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.4em 0.8em; vertical-align: baseline;" width="271"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background: 0px 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 100%px;"><tbody style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0.4em 0.8em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">O = titik pusat opticF = titik api utama atau focusM = titik pusat kelengkungan</span><div style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">OM = jari-jari</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">OF = jarak fokus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar istimewa lensa cembung</span></div>
<ul style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #4e4e4e; line-height: 19.5px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.4em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar datang sejajar sumbu utama, dibiaskan melalui titik fokus di belakang lensa</span></li>
<li style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar datang melalui titik fokus, dibiaskan sejajar sumbu utama di belakang lensa</span></li>
<li style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar datang melalui titik pusat optik diteruskan tanpa dibiaskan</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Lensa cembung banyak digunakan pada</span></div>
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<li style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Kacamata positif</span></li>
<li style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Kamera</span></li>
<li style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Lup</span></li>
<li style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mikroskop</span></li>
<li style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Teropong</span></li>
<li style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Periskop</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Lensa cekung</span></div>
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<a href="https://sumadewiblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/lencek.jpg" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="lencek" height="179" src="https://sumadewiblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/lencek.jpg?w=378&h=179" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="378" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a. lensa bikonkaf (lensa cekung rangkap)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b. lensa plankonkaf (lensa cekung datar)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">c. lensa konveks-konkaf (cekung cembung)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar istimewa lensa cekung</span></div>
<ul style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #4e4e4e; line-height: 19.5px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.4em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar sejajar sumbu utama, dibiaskan seolah-olah berasal dari titik fokus di depan lensa</span></li>
<li style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar datang seolah-lah menuju titik fokus dibelakang lensa, dibiaskan sejajar sumbu utama di belakang lensa</span></li>
<li style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar datang melalui titik pusat optic diteruskan tanpa dibiaskan.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Pembentukan bayangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sifat bayangan yang dibentuk dan letak bayangan tergantung oleh letak benda, berlaku: Ruang benda + Ruang bayangan = 5</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Rumus pembentukan bayangan :</span></div>
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<a href="https://sumadewiblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/kon.jpg" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="kon" height="69" src="https://sumadewiblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/kon.jpg?w=440&h=69" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="440" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Keterangan :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">f = jarak focus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">R= jari-jari</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">s<span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">o</span>= jarak benda</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">s<span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span>= jarak bayangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Kekuatan lensa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Kekuatan lensa adalah kemampuan suatu lensa untuk memfokuskan suatu bayangan. Kekuatan lensa dapat ditulis dengan persamaan berikut:</span></div>
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<a href="https://sumadewiblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/kekuatan.jpg" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="kekuatan" height="42" src="https://sumadewiblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/kekuatan.jpg?w=56&h=42" style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="56" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">P = daya lensa (dioptri)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">f = jarak fokus (m)</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #4e4e4e; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/VQ7aW3sq2yk/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VQ7aW3sq2yk?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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<span style="color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://youtu.be/VQ7aW3sq2yk">https://youtu.be/VQ7aW3sq2yk</a></span></div>
<div style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
SUMBER : <a href="https://sumadewiblog.wordpress.com/cahaya/lensa/">https://sumadewiblog.wordpress.com/cahaya/lensa/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<div class="wpa wpmrec" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; display: inline-block !important; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 300px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="wpa-about" style="background: 0px 0px; border-bottom: none !important; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: block; font-stretch: normal !important; font-variant-east-asian: normal !important; font-variant-numeric: normal !important; left: 0px; line-height: 1 !important; margin: 0px; min-width: 160px; opacity: 0.85; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-26126099637242071022018-05-07T18:03:00.003-07:002018-05-07T18:03:46.111-07:00Pembentukan bayangan pada: CERMIN CEMBUNG<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b>PEMBENTUKAN BAYANGAN PADA CERMIN CEMBUNG</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Cermin cembung adalah cermin lengkung yang permukaan bidang pantulnya berbentuk cembung. Cermin cembung disebut juga cermin konveks atau cermin negatif.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sifat – sifat bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin cembung :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> a)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Maya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> b)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Sama tegak</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> c)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Diperkecil</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><u>Bagian- Bagian Cermin Cembung</u><br /><br /><img alt="" height="183" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" width="400" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">M : Titik pusat kelengkungan cermin. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">F : Titik fokus. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">O : Titik pusat permukaan cermin. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">OF : Jarak fokus, panjangnya ½ jari-jari kelengkungan cermin. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">OM : Sumbu utama cermin. </span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><u><span style="color: black;">Sinar – sinar istimewa pada cermin cembung</span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<ul style="margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; padding-left: 40px;">
<li><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar datang sejajar sumbu utama akan dipantulkan seolah-olah berasal dari titik fokus.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;"> </span><img alt="" height="164" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" width="400" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<ul style="margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; padding-left: 40px;">
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar datang seolah-olah menuju titik fokus akan dipantulkan sejajar sumbu utama.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <img alt="" height="179" 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" 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<ul style="margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; padding-left: 40px;">
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar datang yang menuju pusat kelengkungan cermin, akan dipantulkan seolah-olah berasal dari pusat kelengkungan yang sama.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" height="189" 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Aj1wKmtK0WnAeSV/tBQ1+NF6aGQlPm+LIUjMOoPdc36LXcr1/tOpw91KtN0GkB+VbR0aTo9sfxEeigkmeP1tIYvtFk9PGO7NmKfWLDQcz62dfrdEve2UCc/m7xOdBpAXtkaWjWdXl3n4cSKMGWnk4KRmH1iwULP9tjR6XehfndhtmeaTgPIr9K6i5pOR+PFsH3XFEzc6e2ib96eGHzYO//UzIvhOzu9M9TJz737FJ0GkFcc7q0wi3Q6kUjcf/Y8uRjeNrUsPcveaDq9PdQ7M02nASQSqV8SKXs86pnDvdVmnU4n+Tdfp57HZbbX1tpOvw+1/VS696otc9G20Gkgd/rNpnv/vaDvdFnj1fyOi32wWqe3q783e7RvzDyL4bpO79yNr/97i100Og3kSrfRNOtf72bGH9B0uqKlK3/DYp+s3OlEIjHqD511TdmujZjhwHB9p7eHOs1fW+yi0WkgN5l/A+ztd4P+IRx0WiUW73RS6iCz6Ju3qWdzqSdNpzNcHzoNFLGMJxYm9vjLwfV4UdPpM47+vI2L/SqKTqcEI7GjfWPH+8d7559Kz6KXrtNZv9JiF41OAznR3LS5Q7aGZ8TDsqCa5GL4J+OWipwF0GkgJ9k6nf2TGeg7XdNzK2/jAvs2sBSw0GEpJkangZzk/fX0pbtjmk5fGHLnbVxg33rnnx7p8SSPSZGepajRaSAneX9/Wv9QSzoNBd1ZCVYPz5jkDi5rkun0zoMiCvKW/5zdZrnNBBCV7/3e5266NJ1uG3mQv3GB/POFNmvdPhbDDSbQ6YFTez/CKXd0GnmX3/unefg0TGcjFm+bWj7S4/nx0O8Uvo/Laozv9MApQ/pJp1EA+TyP7Iyjn07DpO6sBCfXeLabQQzvtObU9DSf3Pa5nS+9U+lNLZvveOLozl+W+i/WHS6X8QcB2eTpfG/9w6c9Cyt5HhUovOP94/X3Zs1wrplZSa17p38Bkkunbbatv9kqsf3U1nfK+sXpHn5GpyGJTsMakovhZdfdZ11T0rNYk/A+Mk2sc+j0tv/LgOZJKTtW1PWv27d/czoNcXQaFpN6x3ojFt+I8ST1vBG8L+tdrLWL1buve6f9bLpO7/zPgG2fp9MQR6eluB4vXhhyV7R0JT/ODw73eX3ROF3Jm975p4cdn3/oYjjXJRPh+6c1x7bSaRQPOm28ieUnZY1XS+suVrR0XRhy93l9F4bcle29tobW0rqL7OPLo2AkZp9YKLvuHlgK7PrFXJfsxM852dHTgnZ6+9/QaYgra7yq6fSMf/ffaNiz84PDB6obz910hSPRaDzuWVi5dHfMs7ASjkQTiUSnx1tSY69s7+UFXB5F37xNHZAysBRIuxjOddmV0p3WvMe8z05v/3T2HwQYwNbQqun06jo3uhTK+cHh0rqLrseL4Uj0n68NaP7lyz/rnA+E5gOhcntHZXuv9LAWFH3zttbts10bqb83m3qYZoLrkhuJ+7K211PT2m1/nLPbbLZ9dnrb5z/kBwEGoNOGmVh+knxbYWL5ycFzlzT/7MmPv/zZp93j02sbL1loLZxgJHbZu1R/bzb5R65LjiReT7+/3znN7Vk7toLvd9371MC2e101PynLDwIMQKeNEY3HbQ2tyWXVgz9PH4NUEmb8ge7x6dK6i2sbL6UHt7hoPP43n3WdvO5a24xwXbITX/cGihSdNoZzeu5QfXM0Hq/suJn6p/74Z5+WNDq+3Xzzm/bur/5rU+rvv/8fv4rG4+X2jvODw9KDW5xzeu6vP/nVTz+f/m7H3W98eu3jms+4LpnQaUAGnTbGuZuuyvbetY2X7yNd89l3rvz2YIdr66P9ztd+3pz6bOruIOnBLS51Xb76L/+Z7DTXJRM6Dcig08Y41uS4dHfMOT2X+nf+xqfX3segw3Www/Xt/3p/1nryi0vrLkoPbnFcl9zRaUAGnTaGraHV9Xjx0t2x1L/zd/77/zQ9ONh+J/XZqm7n6nr4QHWj9OAWx3XJHZ02sbq6uo8AZPWVH/3kj777t1/41ndTv/H/qul/NT34zpXfpj77x98/9gd/9vGB6kbpwS2O65Kjuro6Om1idBrY1Zd/8MMv/d3f//6X/uT9/uF/a9H0oOSXv0599gvf+u4XD3/vKz/6ifTgFsd1yRGdNjc6Dezqi4e/96f/WP3RRx/9+T/9PPVL/+v/3pbcslT6P7e3x+AvfvqL3/vDL375Bz/88g9+KD24xXFdckSnATG8P22MtY2XJTV25/Rc8lSN7B+dHu+MP1BSY+cM10LjuuRO4U5z9ggsjU4b5sKQ+1B989rGy1/+djRLDP6h9TfJm3Srup3SIxcFrkuO6DQgg04b6ViT4+SVG9F43PV4UX9E5dd/9umlu2OJRKKq23movjn5BAgYgOuSC8lOZ3lo1Y6jRbVHh2r/MrHtSNEdp4Fu//qdp4Zm+j6AYei0kcKRaLm9o6zx6sTyk3Ak2uf1nR8crmjpqum51enxrq6H5wOhY02OQ/XNxbmyKoXrkgtFO53mjzsf4aH5ZLLTNtv2zNvs9lNbX687JzzT9wEMQ6cNFo3Hk49QPOPo7/R4J5afJBKJ5MHRNT23SmrsVd3Oon3FJojrsiszdXqHHQ/d2Hp9/P7PyZfVO7+X9okfu30GKCg6LWI+EKrqdpbbO1L/7LaG1sr2Xs/CivRoRY3rkoWpO73HR2ll+T6AYfSdng+EpIcCoByTdfr9UyrTvG/9AZ3O9H0Aw1S0dGk6zUsHAHom6vTOte29v57O9n0Aw9BpALlQqNPJfmbstCbFe+501u8DGIZOA8iF6P3TO2/Estls2cK8o6hb91Xt6fV0tu8DGIZOA8iF8DknO253Tncj1o73j9+/q2yzz219ctt90jm/P535+wCGodMAcqHweWSApVW292o67ZzmPxYBaNFpQEZVt1PT6e7xaemhACiHTgMyanpu0WkAu6LTgIwLQ25Npy8MuaWHAqAcOg3IoNMAckGnARmdHq+m0+duuqSHAqAcOg3I6B6f1nS6qtspPRQA5dBpQIZzeo5OA9gVnQZkeBZWNJ2uaOmSHgqAcug0IGNi+QmdBrArOg3IWF0Pazpdbu+QHgqAcug0IEPfaVtDq/RQAJRDpwEZ0Xhc0+nSuovSQwFQDp0GxJTU2DWplp4IgHLoNCDG1tCq6fTqelh6KABqodOAmGNNDk2nZ/wB6aEAqIVOA2JOXrmh6bRnYUV6KABqodOAGB5BDWBXdBoQc35wWNPptpEH0kMBUAudBsTwaEsAu6LTgBj9I7Nqem5JDwVALXQaEKN/ZNYZR7/0UADUQqcBMTwyC8Cu6DQgRn/Ed1njVemhAKiFTgNiwpEoR3wDyI5OA5L0R3yHI1HpoQAohE4Dksoar2o6PR8ISQ8FQCF0GpBU0dKl6bTr8aL0UAAUQqcBSRwdCiA7Og1I4kgyANnRaUBSp8er6XRVt1N6KAAKodOAJNfjRU2nT165IT0UAIXQaUDSjD/AUScAsqDTgCSOOgGQHZ0GhHHUCYAs6DQgjKNOAGRBpwFhJ6/c0HTaOT0nPRQAVdBpQFhNzy1Npy/dHZMeCoAq6DQgrG3kAbdQA8iETgPC9LdQH2tySA8FQBV0GhA2HwhxaxaATOg0IE/T6QPVjWsbL6WHAqAEOg3I09+aNbH8RHooAEqg04C8yvZeTac7PV7poQAogU4D8s7ddGk6fX5wWHooAEqg04A8/dMtK9t7pYcCoAQ6DcjzLKzw1CwAadFpQN7axkv9lu9oPC49FwB5dBpQQmndRbZ8A9Cj04AS9E/jYMs3gASdBhRxfnBY0+manlvSQwGQR6cBJTin5zjlG4AenQaUsLoe5pRvAHp0GlCFfivZfCAkPRQAYXQaUEVFS5em087pOemhAAij04AqOD0UgB6dBlTR5/VxeigADToNqGI+EGIrGQANOg0ohK1kADToNKAQ/Vay7vFp6aEASKLTgEIuDLk1na7qdkoPBUASnQYUon/Apa2hVXooAJLoNKCQcCSqf8Dl6npYei4AYug0oJZyewennQBIodOAWvSnnZy76ZIeCoAYOg2oRX/aSbm9Q3ooAGLoNKAW/YOzDlQ3hiNR6bkAyKDTgHJsDa28RQ0giU4Dyjnj6OcuagBJdBpQTvf4NHdRA0ii04By0t5FPeMPSM8FQACdBlR0rMmh6fSlu2PSQwEQQKcBFekP+q5o6ZIeCoAAOg2oaMYf0HS6pMbO3VlAEaLTgKIO1TdzdxYAOg0oqqrbyd1ZAOg0oCjn9Jym04fqm6WHAmA0Og0oKhyJltTYNan2LKxIzwXAUHQaUNfJKzc0na7puSU9FABD0WlAXfqDyUrrLkbjcem5ABiHTgPqSrv07Xq8KD0XAOPQaUBpPJMDKHJ0GlBan9fH0jdQzOg0oLRoPM7SN1DM6DSgOv3Sd2V7r/RQAAxCpwHV6Ze+D1Q3rq6HpecCYAQ6DaguGo/rz/o+d9MlPRcAI9BpwATODw7rzxBlNxlQDOg0YAJrGy/1S9/d49PScwEoODoNmENle6+m0+X2DumhABQcnQbMwfV4Uf+SemL5ifRcAAqLTgOmUdZ4lRu0gGJDpwHTaBt5oH9JPeMPSM8FoIDoNGAaaR/LwUtqwNroNGAm5266eEkNFBU6DZjJ2sbL0rqLmk4fa3JIzwWgUOg0YDJp36V2Ts9JzwWgIOg0YDJpjxEtt3dwPBlgSXQaMJ+0L6kv3R2TngtA/tFpwHzSvqQuqbHPB0LSowHIMzoNmFKnx6t/SV3R0iU9F4A8o9OAWVW0dOlT3enxSs8FIJ/oNGBWq+th/bEnrH4DFkOnARNLu/pta2gNR6LSowHIDzoNmNuxJoc+1ceaHNymBVgDnQbMbT4Q0q9+H6huPOPolx4NQB7QacD0+rw+facPVDdWdTt5VQ2YHZ0GrODS3bG0qT7W5OC9asDU6DRgEWcc/WlTbWto5YFagHnRacAiovF42juqU2vgq+th6RkBfDA6DVhHOBItt3dkSnWy1s7pO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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><u><span style="color: black;">Pembentukan Bayangan Pada Cermin Cembung</span></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><span style="color: black;">Benda yang terletak di depan cermin cembung akan selalu menghasilkan bayangan di belakang cermin dengan sifat maya, sama tegak dan diperkecil.</span><br /><span style="color: black;"><img alt="" height="183" 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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">Hubungan antara Jarak Benda (s), Jarak Bayangan (s’), dan Jarak Fokus (f) pada cermin cembung dan cekung ditentukan oleh:</span><br /><br /><span style="color: black;"><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" /> </span><br /><span style="color: black;"></span><br /></span><div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">Pada cermin cembung, nilai <i>f</i> adalah negatif (-)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Pembesaran Pada Cermin Cembung dan Cermin Cekung dapat ditentukan dengan:<br /><br /></span><div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" /><br /><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 16.8667px;"></span><br /><i><span style="color: black;"></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">Untuk menghitung tinggi benda dan tinggi bayangan pada cermin cembung dan cermin cekung, menggunakan rumus:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><i><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAE8AAAA/CAIAAAAudAIQAAAB+UlEQVRoge3ZwXnDIAwFYOZiIObxNCzjYdSDjREgByn9mvIUv1uTHPpbMsYo0Dcl/Pc/8NE8Wr/xrt23GEIIKRMRsjanUHJahJzYuO1EhKwlKuJimf/AgfYF9ihtLT20tscMyan9HllrxkJrNX3cfg2s3bdYsOfS2+Fz6q8Frrb0ca3gdIUG1pbnbdW1OwkpsNpu31A/8lhboY5zLKz26OOmaYWP+oBqhUetAguqFZpW0ceo2vf6GFQr1ZFtrMZdRQmiVm7a+r57X2BE7fv5Zi07/bhtiLoDny4Ky2WobQWLd7r8toESUZvSzZsjqysidtAe709ZPhXIKYSYkuIxvmh6bU7lnXEQ5RRC3HbVY3zRdNpTJByCNN+AlrbTXucA/a573+Lxp2o7eqZZ4V/nQ1dvfAKlTD3qsiqOB5ZOoy3dSs22s1o1Rz9Lh2v5iWRtZXYJTH38V1HfHX2o0fIaXsXdmBW9jxstLyLbSLBKGvt45VWqO1kvWlbIFfr4d7m07OT9yDBEge/jqp036XhajZdA1N5gMqa9BdcCq4b0R5y8zSvXT0/aecv50E7n1mdcaLVYH1plH/vQTof0VxxoDUN6B1rDkB5faxnSw2tNQ3p4rWm4ia61DenBtcYhPbjWOKTH1lqH9NBa85AeWmvOo/WbR+s3j9ZvfgCc9cPuqKjD6wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" /> </i></span><br /><br /><span style="color: black;"><i>Keterangan :</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="color: black;">f = </span></i><span style="color: black;">jarak fokus cermin (cm atau m)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="color: black;">So = </span></i><span style="color: black;">jarak benda (cm atau m) </span><i> </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Si <span style="color: black;">= </span></i><span style="color: black;">jarak bayangan (cm atau m)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">M = pembesaran</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="color: black;">h' </span></i><span style="color: black;">= tinggi bayangan</span><br /><i><span style="color: black;">h</span></i><span style="color: black;"> = tinggi benda</span></span></div>
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SUMBER : <a href="http://kurniawatisuci.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/pembentukan-bayangan-pada-cermin.html">http://kurniawatisuci.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/pembentukan-bayangan-pada-cermin.html</a></div>
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salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-37467685812045390072018-05-07T18:00:00.000-07:002018-05-07T18:00:06.238-07:00Pembentukan bayangan pada: CERMIN CEKUNG<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><u>PEMBENTUKAN BAYANGAN PADA CERMIN CEKUNG</u></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Cermin cekung adalah cermin yang permukaan bidang pantulnya melengkung ke dalam (cekung).Cermin cekung disebut juga cermin <u>konkaf</u>atau cermin positif.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cermin cekung bersifat mengumpulkan sinar pantul (konvergen). Ketika sinar-sinar sejajar dikenakan pada cermin cekung, sinar pantulnya akan berpotongan pada satu titik, yang dinamakan titik api atau titik fokus (<i>F</i>).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sifat – sifat bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin cekung :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Maya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Sama tegak </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><u>Bagian-Bagian Cermin Cekung</u></span></div>
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" 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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><span style="color: black;">M : Titik pusat kelengkungan cermin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">F : Titik fokus.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">O : Titik pusat permukaan cermin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">OF : Jarak fokus, panjangnya ½ jari-jari kelengkungan cermin (f).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">OM : Sumbu utama</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">R1, R2, dan R3 : Ruang di depan cermin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">R4 : Ruang di belakang cermin.</span></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar – sinar istimewa pada cermin cekung</span></span></u></div>
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<li><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar datang sejajar dengan sumbu utama akan dipantulkan melalui titik fokus.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;"> </span><img alt="" height="110" 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href="data:image/png;base64,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" imageanchor="1" style="color: #ed3c30; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar datang melalui titik fokus akan dipantulkan sejajar sumbu utama.</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" height="118" 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" 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<ul style="margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; padding-left: 40px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed3c30; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed3c30; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed3c30; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed3c30; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"></a>
<li><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sinar datang melalui titik pusat lengkungan cermin akan dipantulkan ke titik itu juga</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" height="167" 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" 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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><br /><u><span style="color: black;">Pembentukan bayangan pada cermin cekung</span></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Jika objek terletak di ruang III, maka bayangan yang terbentuk terletak di ruang II yang bersifat nyata, terbalik, dan diperkecil.</span><br /><span style="color: black;"><img alt="" height="203" 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" 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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Jika objek terletak di titik M, maka bayangan yang terbentuk adalah nyata, tebalik, dan sama besar.<br /><img alt="" height="218" 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" 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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> 3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Jika objek terletak di ruang II, maka bayangan yang terbentuk berada di ruang III yang bersifat nyata, terbalik dan diperbesar.</span><br /><br /></span></div>
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" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" width="400" /><br /><br /><span style="color: black;">4. Jika objek terletak di titik F, maka bayangan yang terbentuk adalah <u>maya dan tak terhingga.</u></span><br /><br /><img alt="" height="270" src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">5. Jika objek terletak di ruang I, maka bayangan yang terbentuk berada di ruang IV yang bersifat <u>maya, tegak, dan diperbesar</u>.</span><br /><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-width: initial;"><img alt="" height="236" 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" 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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">SUMBER : </span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://kurniawatisuci.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/pembentukan-bayangan-pada-cermin.html">http://kurniawatisuci.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/pembentukan-bayangan-pada-cermin.html</a></span></span></div>
salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-86028188127937657772018-05-07T17:56:00.000-07:002018-05-07T17:56:01.402-07:00Pembentukan bayangan pada: CERMIN DATAR<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><strong style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">PEMBENTUKAN BAYANGAN PADA CERMIN DATAR</strong></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><strong style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> Pembentukan bayangan</strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; text-align: justify;"> pada cermin dapat diuraikan dalam 3 jenis cermin. Yaitu </span><span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/pembentukan-bayangan-pada-cermin-datar/" style="border: 0px; color: #212121; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="View all posts in pembentukan bayangan pada cermin datar">pembentukan bayangan pada cermin datar</a></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; text-align: justify;">, cermin cekung dan cermin cembung. Bayangan yang idhasilkan oleh cermin yang berbeda ini memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda sebagai berikut.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cermin adalah kaca bening yang salah satu permukaannya dilapisi raksa sehingga dapat memantulkan cahaya yang<span style="color: black;">diterimanya.</span><span style="color: #464646;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Cermin dibagi menjadi 3 macam, yaitu :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.<span style="color: black;">Cermin Datar</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><br /><span style="color: black;">Cermin datar adalah kaca yang salah satu permukaannya dilapisi amalgam perak. Cermin datar dapat memantulkan seluruh berkas cahaya yang jatuh kepadanya.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sifat-sifat bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin datar yaitu :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Bayangannya bersifat maya.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Sama besar dengan bendanya. </span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">c)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Tegak</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">d)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Menghadap terbalik dengan bendanya.</span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">e)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Jarak bayangan ke cermin sama dengan jarak benda ke cermin (jarak bayangan = jarak benda)</span></span></div>
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SUMBER : <a href="http://kurniawatisuci.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/pembentukan-bayangan-pada-cermin.html">http://kurniawatisuci.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/pembentukan-bayangan-pada-cermin.html</a></div>
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salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-67421930434921441602018-05-07T17:44:00.003-07:002018-05-07T17:44:20.822-07:00Sifat-sifat cahaya<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Sama seperti manusia, cahaya juga memiliki sifat-sifat tertentu, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">lho. Wah, </em>apa aja <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">tuh? </em>Pada materi ini, kita akan membahas macam-macam sifat cahaya. Langsung saja kita mulai, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">yuk</em>! Cahaya merupakan energi yang berbentuk gelombang elektromagnetik. Energi tersebut merupakan energi kasat mata yang memiliki panjang gelombang 380–750 nm. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nah, </em>gelombang elektromagnetik tidak memerlukan medium dalam perambatannya. Jadi, cahaya juga tidak memerlukan medium untuk merambat. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Benda dikatakan sebagai sumber cahaya ketika benda-benda tersebut mampu memancarkan gelombang cahaya. Contohnya ialah matahari, api, lampu, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Selain benda yang memancarkan cahaya, ada juga benda gelap. Benda gelap merupakan benda tidak berpijar atau tidak memancarkan gelombang cahaya. Benda gelap dibagi menjadi 3 macam, yaitu benda tak tembus cahaya yang tidak dapat meneruskan cahaya, seperti dinding dan batu; benda bening yang dapat meneruskan cahaya, seperti kaca; dan benda tembus cahaya yang dapat meneruskan sebagian cahaya, seperti kertas buram dan air keruh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Berkas cahaya digolongkan menjadi 3 macam:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Berkas cahaya yang menyebar (divergen) merupakan berkas cahaya yang berasal dari satu titik kemudian menyebar ke segala arah.</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Berkas cahaya sejajar merupakan berkas cahaya yang sejajar satu sama lain.</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Berkas cahaya mengumpul merupakan berkas cahaya yang menuju satu titik tertentu (konvergen).</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span><img alt="macam-macam cahaya" caption="false" data-constrained="true" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" src="https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=600&name=cahaya.jpg" srcset="https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=300&name=cahaya.jpg 300w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=600&name=cahaya.jpg 600w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=900&name=cahaya.jpg 900w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=1200&name=cahaya.jpg 1200w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=1500&name=cahaya.jpg 1500w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=1800&name=cahaya.jpg 1800w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; width: 600px;" title="macam-macam cahaya" width="600" /></div>
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<a name='more'></a><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sifat-Sifat Cahaya</span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cahaya memiliki beberapa sifat yang harus diketahui, yaitu:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cahaya dapat merambat lurus</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cahaya dapat dipantulkan</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cahaya dapat menembus benda bening</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cahaya dapat dibiaskan</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cahaya dapat diuraikan</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sifat cahaya yang pertama ialah dapat merambat lurus. Hal ini memberikan keuntungan pada manusia sehingga manusia memanfaatkan sifat cahaya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Contohnya ialah lampu senter dan lampu sorot kendaraan bermotor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sifat cahaya yang kedua ialah cahaya dapat dipantulkan. Ketika benda terkena cahaya, cahaya yang mengenai benda akan dipantulkan. Jenis pemantulan terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu pemantulan baur (pemantulan difus) dan pemantulan teratur.</span></div>
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<img alt="Image result for pemantulan baur dan teratur" caption="false" data-constrained="true" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Lmxe1ol9wgUseY44N3FMNa58K33HOM23KXNBcn1L0fr335GNw6dZfaAq1oGoJQkahyhH_7ylhxXOXnSXCAHy8b5iJDDLGDtWWwUDUVeIB2eH1wTe8xKLEZk3sI-QgASOFgGUHqgnYduP-7zqtw" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; width: 498px;" title="Image result for pemantulan baur dan teratur" width="498" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Pemantulan teratur dan pemantulan baur. (Sumber: fismath.com)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ketika cahaya mengenai permukaan rata, licin, dan mengilap, hasil pemantulannya akan teratur. Sedangkan, ketika cahaya mengenai permukaan yang tidak rata, kasar, dan bergelombang, hasil pemantulannya akan baur/difus. Pemantulan cahaya dapat memberi manfaat pada manusia. Contohnya ialah manusia dapat melihat pantulan bayangannya di cermin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Kaca yang bening dapat ditembus oleh cahaya. Ketika kaca yang bening tersebut dihalangi oleh benda lain yang tidak bening, cahaya tidak dapat menembusnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="cahaya menembus benda bening-1.png" src="https://blog.ruangguru.com/hubfs/cahaya%20menembus%20benda%20bening-1.png?t=1525700843505" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Cahaya menembus benda bening. (Sumber: idschool.net)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cahaya akan dibelokkan jika merambat melalui dua zat yang kerapatannya berbeda. Contohnya seperti udara dengan air. Peristiwa pembelokkan cahaya setelah melalui suatu medium rambat disebut dengan pembiasan cahaya.</span></div>
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<img alt="macam-macam sifat cahaya" caption="false" data-constrained="true" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/CBrTVDyebF8uMcDEogWa6SIVZINvAuldg6A1sIWCqZA6cFZbG06_PK_sOf6opEnuSWZgfd7IXV4UiBzA4ykrDZTQCpqA9MwVQGbTqDJVr27e8lYJdZJScgBXMYTu7QjM-N0OR7jNZb5QAoOJ2Q" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; width: 600px;" title="macam-macam sifat cahaya" width="600" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ilustrasi pembiasan. (Sumber: dosenpendidikan.com)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Penguraian cahaya putih menjadi berbagai cahaya berwarna disebut penguraian cahaya atau dispersi. Cahaya matahari sebenarnya tersusun atas berbagai cahaya berwarna, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">lho.</em> Namun, mata kita melihat cahaya matahari berwarna putih. Contoh lain dari dispersi ialah pelangi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">RG Squad, selain sifat-sifat di atas, cahaya juga memiliki hukum tertentu, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">lho</em>. <span style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;">Mau tahu lebih jauh tentang cahaya? Yuk gabung di </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://promo.ruangguru.com/rgdigitalbootcamp/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=blog&utm_campaign=mengenal-macam-macam-sifat-cahaya" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4a4a4a; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s;">Ruangguru digitalbootcamp</a></strong><span style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;">! Kamu bisa tanya dengan tutor ahlinya serta diskusi bersama teman-teman se-Indonesia</span><em style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;">.</em></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><em style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-lKQczO7piQ">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-lKQczO7piQ</a></em></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">SUMBER : </span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://blog.ruangguru.com/mengenal-macam-macam-sifat-cahaya">https://blog.ruangguru.com/mengenal-macam-macam-sifat-cahaya</a></span></span></div>
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salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-4818151438314401982018-03-21T22:19:00.003-07:002018-03-21T22:19:41.138-07:00Pengujian ultrasonik<div class="itemIntroText" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: droid_serifregular, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 16px;">
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Pengujian terhadap Sambungan Las pada Tiang Pancang</h2>
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Tujuan pengujian ultrasonic adalah melakukan pengujian terhadap kualitas las yang digunakan untuk menyambung dua pipa tiang pancang. Pengujian</div>
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dilakukan dengan standart ANSI/AWS.DI.I (Structural Welding Code, 2002 Edition) dan Ultrasonic Examination Procedure for Steek Structure. (Doc No: UT22 HH).</div>
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Pengujian dengan menggunakan satu unit pesawat Ultrasonic model USK 7</h5>
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Krautkramer dengan dilengkapi probe normal, probe sudut 70º Block kalibrasi V1 dan V2. Coupant yang digunakan adalah CMC. Pengujian material dengan metode ultrasonic digunakan gelombang transversal maupun longitudinal. Kedua gelombang tersebut dibangkitkan oleh suatu probe (transduser) yang juga berfungsi sebagai penerima gelombang.</div>
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Prisip dasar pengujian sambungan las tiang pancang dengan adalah dengan ultrasonic test merambatkan gelombang ultrasonic ke dalam material yang akan diuji melalui transducer probe.Apabila gelombang tersebut mengenai bidang yang tegak lurus dengan arah gelombang, maka akan dipantulkan kembali dan diterima oleh transducer probe dalam bentuk pulsa pada layar CRT (monitor ultrasonic) yang merupakan pulsa cacat (defecta) atau pulsa pantulan balik dari dinding belakang.</div>
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Pengujian Beban pada Tiang Pancang Baja</h5>
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PDA test bertujuan untuk memverifikasikan kapasitas daya dukung tekan pondasi tiang pancang terpasang. Dari hasil-hasil pengujian akan didapatkan informasi besarnya kapasitas dukung termobilisir dengan faktor keamanan 2, dan dipakai untuk menilai apakah beban kerja rencana dapat diterima oleh tiang terpasang.</div>
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Pelaksanaan</h5>
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Pengujian dilaksanakan sesuai ASTM D-4945, yang dilakukan dengan memasang dua buah sensor yaitu strain transduser dan accelerometer transduser pada sisi tiang dengan posisi saling berhadapan, dekat dengan kepala tiang. Kedua sensor tersebut mempunyai fungsi ganda, masing-masing menerima perubahan percepatan dan regangan. Gelombang tekan akan merambat dari kepala tiang ke ujung bawah tiang (toe) setelah itu gelombang tersebut akan dipantulkan kembali menuju kepala tiang dan ditangkap oleh sensor. Gelombang yang diterima sensor secara otomatis akan disimpan oleh komputer. Rekaman hasil gelombang ini akan menjadi dasar bagi analisa dengan menggunakan program TNOWAVE-TNODLT, di mana gelombang pantul yang diberikan oleh reaksi tanah akibat kapasitas dukung ujung dan gerak akan memberikan kapasitas dukung termobilisasi (mobilized capacity). Hasil Pengujian Angka penurunan yang diambil sebagai immediate displacement (perpindahan sesaat) saat beban mencapai kapasitas dukung dengan faktor keamanan (FK) = 2, dan tidak menyatakan penurunan konsolidasi. Beban kerja yang diharapkan per-tiang adalah 140 ton.</div>
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Dari hasil uji pembebanan dinamis meliputi kapasitas dukung termobilisasi, yang besarnya ditentukan oleh beban dan energi, maka kapasitas dukung termobilisasi dengan FK=2 yang dihasilkan dinilai memenuhi target beban rencana dengan penurunan (displacement) dan masih dalam batas yang aman.</div>
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SUMBER : <a href="http://bpws.go.id/index.php/pengendalian-mutu/item/206-pengujian-ultrasonic">http://bpws.go.id/index.php/pengendalian-mutu/item/206-pengujian-ultrasonic</a></div>
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salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-10400245991026582552018-03-21T22:12:00.002-07:002018-03-21T22:12:35.198-07:00Pembersih ultrasonik<h1 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0.67em 0px;">
Bagaimana ultrasonik cleaner bekerja ???</h1>
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<img alt="PS-20A" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1533" data-wp-pid="1533" height="274" src="http://ukurkadarair.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/PS-20A.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="289" /><img alt="ps-06ab" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-1530" data-wp-pid="1530" height="139" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" src="http://ukurkadarair.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/ps-06ab-300x139.jpg" srcset="https://ukurkadarair.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/ps-06ab-300x139.jpg 300w, https://ukurkadarair.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/ps-06ab.jpg 365w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></div>
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Bagaimana ultrasonik cleaner bekerja ???</h2>
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<a href="http://ukurkadarair.com/category/ultrasonic-cleaner/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #616161; text-decoration-line: none;">Pembersihan ultrasonik</a> adalah penghapusan yang cepat dan lengkap kontaminan dari objek dengan cara membenamkan mereka dalam tangki cairan dibanjiri dengan frekuensi tinggi gelombang suara. Gelombang suara yang tidak terdengar membuat aksi sikat menggosok dalam cairan.</div>
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Proses ini disebabkan oleh frekuensi tinggi energi listrik yang diubah oleh transducer menjadi gelombang suara frekuensi tinggi – energi ultrasonik. Kemampuannya untuk membersihkan zat bahkan yang paling ulet dari item berasal dari inti unit: transduser. Kekuatan membersihkan dari unit berasal dari kinerja transduser.</div>
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Efisiensi transduser akan mempengaruhi baik waktu pembersihan dan kemanjuran dicapai selama siklus pembersihan. Sebuah transduser berkualitas buruk akan menggunakan daya lebih dan memakan waktu lebih lama untuk membersihkan barang-barang dari transduser yang baik.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Ultrasonic cleaning<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Energi ultrasonik memasuki cairan dalam tangki dan menyebabkan pembentukan cepat dan runtuhnya gelembung menit: sebuah fenomena yang dikenal sebagai kavitasi. Gelembung meningkat pesat dalam ukuran sampai mereka meledak terhadap permukaan item direndam dalam tangki dalam pelepasan energi yang sangat besar, yang mengangkat kontaminasi dari permukaan dan relung terdalam bagian berbentuk rumit.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Ini adalah kemampuan untuk membersihkan sendi box, engsel dan benang dengan cepat dan efektif yang telah membuat pembersih ultrasonik pilihan pertama bagi banyak industri selama lebih dari 25 tahun.</div>
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Ada banyak variabel yang perlu mempertimbangkan saat membersihkan barang-barang. Panas, listrik, frekuensi, jenis deterjen dan waktu semua mempengaruhi proses pembersihan tetapi fleksibilitas ultrasonik berarti bahwa ini semua dapat dimasukkan ke dalam proses untuk mencapai hasil yang paling efektif.</div>
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Sebagai gelembung meledak dan kavitasipasti akan terjadi, larutan pembersih bergegas ke dalam celah yang ditinggalkan oleh gelembung. Sebagai cairan ini membuat kontak dengan forceps, kontaminan yang hadir akan dihapus.</div>
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Bagaimana ultrasonik cleaner bekerja ???</h3>
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Kegiatan ultrasonik (kavitasi) membantu solusi untuk mempercepat melakukan tugasnya; air putih biasanya tidak akan efektif. Larutan pembersih mengandung bahan yang dirancang untuk membuat pembersihan ultrasonik lebih efektif. Misalnya, pengurangan tegangan permukaan meningkatkan kadar kavitasi, sehingga solusi mengandung bahan pembasah yang baik ( surfaktan ). Larutan pembersih berair mengandung deterjen, agen pembasahan dan komponen lainnya, dan memiliki pengaruh besar pada proses pembersihan. Komposisi yang tepat dari solusi ini sangat tergantung pada item yang dibersihkan. Solusi sebagian besar digunakan hangat, sekitar 50-65 ° C (122-149 ° F), namun, dalam aplikasi medis secara umum diterima bahwa pembersihan harus pada suhu di bawah 38 ° C (100 ° F) untuk mencegah koagulasi protein.</div>
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Solusi berbasis air lebih terbatas dalam kemampuan mereka untuk menghilangkan kontaminan oleh aksi kimiawi saja daripada solusi pelarut; misalnya untuk bagian halus ditutupi dengan lemak tebal. Upaya yang diperlukan untuk merancang sistem air-pembersihan yang efektif untuk tujuan tertentu jauh lebih besar daripada untuk sistem pelarut.</div>
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Beberapa mesin (yang tidak terlalu besar) yang terintegrasi dengan degreasing uap mesin menggunakan cairan pembersih hidrokarbon: Tiga tank digunakan dalam kaskade. Semakin rendah tangki berisi cairan kotor dipanaskan menyebabkan cairan menguap. Di bagian atas mesin ada koil pendingin. Cairan mengembun pada koil dan jatuh ke dalam tangki atas. Tangki atas akhirnya meluap dan cairan bersih berjalan ke dalam tangki kerja di mana pembersihan berlangsung. Harga beli lebih tinggi dari mesin sederhana, namun mesin tersebut ekonomis dalam jangka panjang. Cairan yang sama dapat digunakan kembali berkali-kali, meminimalkan pemborosan dan polusi.</div>
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Carbon tetrachloride digunakan di masa lalu, tapi sekarang dilarang sebagai bahaya kesehatan.</div>
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SUMBER :<a href="https://ukurkadarair.com/bagaimana-ultrasonik-cleaner-bekerja/"> https://ukurkadarair.com/bagaimana-ultrasonik-cleaner-bekerja/</a></div>
salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-77761642958536687552018-03-21T22:06:00.005-07:002018-03-21T22:06:37.304-07:00Terapi ultrasonik<h2 id="apa_itu_terapi_ultrasound" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.04em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Apa itu Terapi Ultrasound</span></h2>
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Terapi ultrasound adalah metode pengobatan yang menggunakan teknologi ultrasound atau gelombang suara untuk merangsang jaringan tubuh yang mengalami kerusakan. Walaupun telah lama digunakan di bidang kedokteran untuk berbagai tujuan, teknologi ultrasound lebih dikenal sebagai alat pemeriksaan daripada sebagai alat terapi. Salah satu keuntungan terapeutik dari ultrasound yang belum terlalu dikenal adalah pengobatan cedera otot. Oleh karena itu, terapi ultrasound sering digunakan dalam pengobatan muskuloskeletal dan <a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/id/info/specialty/kedokteran-olahraga" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">cedera akibat olahraga</a>.</div>
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Keberhasilan penggunaan teknologi ultrasound sebagai alat terapi bergantung pada kemampuannya untuk merangsang jaringan yang ada di bawah kulit dengan menggunakan gelombang suara frekuensi tinggi, mulai dari 800.000 Hz – 2.000.000 Hz. Efek penyembuhan dari ultrasound pertama ditemukan pada sekitar tahun 1940. Awalnya, terapi ini hanya digunakan oleh terapis fisik dan <a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/id/info/specialty/terapi-okupasional" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">okupasi</a>. Namun, saat ini penggunaan terapi ultrasound telah menyebar ke cabang ilmu kedokteran lainnya.</div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Siapa yang Perlu Menjalani Terapi Ultrasound dan Hasil yang Diharapkan</span></h2>
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Saat ini, terapi ultrasound lebih banyak digunakan dalam pengobatan cedera muskuloskeletal. Pasien yang dapat memanfaatkan teknologi ultrasound sebagai terapi muskuloskeletal adalah mereka yang menderita penyakit berikut:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Plantar fasciitis (peradangan pada fascia plantar di tumit)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Siku tenis</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nyeri pada bagian bawah punggung</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Penyakit temporomandibular</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ligamen yang terkilir</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Otot yang tegang</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Tendonitis (peradangan tendon)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Peradangan sendi</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Metatarsalgia (peradangan sendi metatarsal di telapak kaki)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Iritasi sendi facet</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sindrom tabrakan (impingement syndrome)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bursitis (peradangan bursa/kantung cairan sendi)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/id/info/condition/osteoarthritis/" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Osteoartritis</a> (pengapuran sendi)</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Jaringan luka</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Artritis reumatoid<a name='more'></a></li>
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Namun, tergantung pada cara dan tingkat penggunaan terapi ultrasound, terapi ini juga dapat digunakan untuk menangani penyakit yang serius dan kronis seperti kanker. Jenis metode terapi ultrasound antara lain adalah:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Lithotripsi (untuk menghancurkan batu di saluran kemih)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Terapi kanker</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pemberian obat tepat sasaran dengan ultrasound</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ultrasound Intensitas Tinggi (High Intensity Focused Ultrasound/HIFU)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pemberian obat dengan ultrasound trans-dermal</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Penghentian pendarahan (hemostasis) dengan ultrasound</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Trombolisis dengan bantuan ultrasound</li>
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Setelah dipancarkan pada bagian tubuh yang membutuhkan pengobatan, teknologi ultrasound akan menyebabkan dua efek utama: termal dan non-termal. Efek termal disebabkan oleh penyerapan gelombang suara ke jaringan halus tubuh, sedangkan efek non-termal disebabkan oleh microstreaming, streaming akustik, dan kavitasi, atau akibat bergetarnya jaringan yang menyebabkan terbentuknya gelembung mikroskopis.</div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Cara Kerja Terapi Ultrasound</span></h2>
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Terapi ultrasound memiliki banyak tingkat, tergantung pada frekuensi dan intensitas dari suara yang digunakan. Tingkat keragaman yang tinggi ini sangat menguntungkan untuk alat terapeutik karena terapis dapat menyesuaikan intensitas terapi agar sesuai dengan penyakit yang ditangani. Namun pada dasarnya terapi ultrasound bekerja dengan menggunakan gelombang suara yang ketika dipancarkan pada bagian tertentu tubuh dapat meningkatkan suhu dari jaringan tubuh yang rusak.</div>
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Untuk pengobatan muskuloskeletal, terapi ultrasound bekerja dengan tiga cara:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mempercepat proses penyembuhan dengan memperlancar aliran darah di bagian tubuh yang mengalami gangguan.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Menyembuhkan peradangan dan edema (penimbunan cairan), sehingga dapat mengurangi rasa sakit.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Memperlunak jaringan luka</li>
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Terapi ultrasound juga dapat digunakan untuk:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Menghancurkan timbunan zat asing di dalam tubuh, seperti timbunan kalkulus, mis. batu ginjal dan <a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/id/info/condition/batu-empedu" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">batu empedu</a>; ketika telah dipecahkan menjadi bagian-bagian yang lebih kecil, dapat dikeluarkan dari tubuh dengan aman dan mudah</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Meningkatkan proses penyerapan dan keberhasilan obat di bagian tubuh tertentu, mis. memastikan bahwa obat kemoterapi mengenai sel kanker otak yang tepat</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Menghilangkan timbunan kotoran ketika tindakan pembersihan gigi</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Membantu sedot lemak, mis. sedot lemak dengan bantuan ultrasound</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Membantu dalam skleroterapi atau perawatan laser endovenous, yang dapat digunakan sebagai metode penghilangan varises non-bedah</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Memicu agar gigi atau tulang dapat tumbuh kembali (hanya ketika menggunakan denyut ultrasound intensitas rendah)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Menghilangkan penghalang darah di otak (blood-brain barrier) agar obat dapat diserap tubuh dengan baik</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bekerja bersama antibiotik untuk menghancurkan bakteri</li>
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Untuk mendapatkan manfaat dari terapi ini, ultrasound harus dipancarkan pada kulit dari bagian tubuh yang mengalami kerusakan dengan menggunakan transduser atau alat yang dirancang khusus untuk terapi ini. Saat gelombang suara telah dipancarkan, gelombang tersebut akan diserap oleh jaringan halus tubuh, seperti ligamen, tendon, dan fascia.</div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Kemungkinan Komplikasi dan Resiko Terapi Ultrasound</span></h2>
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Walaupun teknologi ultrasound telah banyak digunakan, namun tetap ada panduan cara penggunaan ultrasound yang aman. Panduan ini bertujuan untuk mencegah risiko tertentu yang dapat terjadi, sekecil apapun kemungkinannya. Risiko tersebut meliputi:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Luka bakar akibat terapi ultrasound</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pendarahan akibat terapi mekanis</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Efek biologis yang tidak terlalu berpengaruh namun tidak dapat diperkirakan</li>
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Namun, karena terapi ultrasound hanya menggunakan gelombang suara sebagai komponen utama dalam pengobatan, terapi ini tidak memiliki risiko bahaya seperti terapi lainnya seperti bahaya dari terapi radiasi. Selain itu, pasien tidak berisiko terkena kanker, walaupun terapi ultrasound dilakukan berkali-kali dan jumlah gelombang suara yang dikenakan pada pasien bertambah.</div>
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Untuk memastikan keamanan dan keselamatan pasien, risiko dan keuntungan dari terapi ultrasound harus dicermati dengan seksama. Sebelum menjalani terapi ultrasound, pasien harus membandingkan keuntungan yang bisa didapatkan dengan risiko yang bisa terjadi. <br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rujukan</span>:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">American Society of Radiologic Technologists: “Ultrasound.”</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">FDA Consumer Health Information: “Taking a Close Look at Ultrasound.” RadiologyInfo.org: “General Ultrasound Imaging.</li>
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<span style="font-family: PT Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.28px;">SUMBER : <a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/info/procedure/terapi-ultrasound">https://www.docdoc.com/id/info/procedure/terapi-ultrasound</a></span></span></div>
salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-84750389566730835622018-03-21T22:02:00.000-07:002018-03-21T22:02:25.130-07:00Sonar<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Sonar</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (Singkatan dari </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">: </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">so</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">und </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">n</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">avigation </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">a</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">nd </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">r</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">anging), merupakan istilah </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> yang pertama kali digunakan semasa Perang Dunia, yang berarti penjarakan dan navigasi suara, adalah sebuah teknik yang menggunakan penjalaran </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suara" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suara">suara</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> dalam air untuk </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigasi" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Navigasi">navigasi</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> atau mendeteksi kendaraan air lainnya. Sementara itu, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inggris">Inggris</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> punya sebutan lain untuk sonar, yakni </span><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASDIC&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #a55858; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ASDIC (halaman belum tersedia)">ASDIC</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Anti-Submarine Detection Investigation Committee</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">).</span><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Cara_Kerja">Cara Kerja</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonar&veaction=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Cara Kerja">sunting</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: #54595d;"> | </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonar&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Cara Kerja">sunting sumber</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2832" data-file-width="4256" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg/300px-US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg/450px-US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg/600px-US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:US_Navy_100708-N-4776G-203_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Technician_3rd_Class_Jonathan_Sokol_conducts_training_on_a_AN-PQS_2A_hand_held_sonar.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Perbesar"></a></div>
AN-PQS 2A hand held sonar</div>
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Sonar merupakan sistem yang menggunakan <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_suara" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gelombang suara">gelombang suara</a> bawah air yang dipancarkan dan dipantulkan untuk mendeteksi dan menetapkan lokasi objek di bawah laut atau untuk mengukur jarak bawah laut. Sejauh ini sonar telah luas digunakan untuk mendeteksi <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_selam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kapal selam">kapal selam</a> dan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjau_laut" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ranjau laut">ranjau</a>, mendeteksi kedalaman, penangkapan ikan komersial, keselamatan penyelaman, dan komunikasi di laut.</div>
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Cara kerja perlengkapan sonar adalah dengan mengirim gelombang suara bawah permukaan dan kemudian menunggu untuk gelombang pantulan (<i>echo</i>). Data suara dipancar ulang ke <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Operator">operator</a> melalui pengeras suara atau ditayangkan pada monitor.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Sejarah">Sejarah</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonar&veaction=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah">sunting</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: #54595d;"> | </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonar&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah">sunting sumber</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Munculnya sonar tak bisa dilepas dari rintisan tokoh seperti <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Colloden&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daniel Colloden (halaman belum tersedia)">Daniel Colloden</a> yang pada tahun <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1822" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1822">1822</a> menggunakan lonceng bawah air untuk menghitung kecepatan suara di bawah air di <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danau_Geneva&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Danau Geneva (halaman belum tersedia)">Danau Geneva</a>, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Swiss">Swiss</a>. Ini kemudian diikuti oleh <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Nixon&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lewis Nixon (halaman belum tersedia)">Lewis Nixon</a>, yang pada tahun <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1906">1906</a> menemukan alat pendengar bertipe sonar pertama untuk mendeteksi puncak gunung es. Minat terhadap sonar makin tinggi pada era <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>, yaitu ketika ada kebutuhan untuk bisa mendeteksi kapal selam.</div>
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Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya ada nama <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Langevin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Langevin (halaman belum tersedia)">Paul Langevin</a> yang tahun <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1915">1915</a> menemukan alat sonar pertama untuk mendeteksi <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_selam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kapal selam">kapal selam</a> dengan menggunakan sifat-sifat <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piezoelektrik_kuartz&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Piezoelektrik kuartz (halaman belum tersedia)">piezoelektrik kuartz</a>. Meski tak sempat terlibat lebih jauh dalam upaya perang, karya Langevin berpengaruh besar dalam desain sonar.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Dua_Jenis_Sonar">Dua Jenis Sonar</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonar&veaction=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Dua Jenis Sonar">sunting</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: #54595d;"> | </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonar&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Dua Jenis Sonar">sunting sumber</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Alat sonar pertama digolongkan sebagai <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonar_pasif&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sonar pasif (halaman belum tersedia)">sonar pasif</a>, di mana tidak ada sinyal yang dikirim keluar.</div>
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Pada tahun <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1918">1918</a> Inggris dan AS membuat sistem aktif, di mana sinyal <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonar_aktif&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sonar aktif (halaman belum tersedia)">sonar aktif</a> dikirim dan diterima kembali. Misalnya saja untuk mengetahui jarak satu objek, petugas sonar mengukur waktu yang diperlukan oleh sinyal sejak dipancarkan hingga diterima kembali. Karena tidak ada sinyal yang dikirim pada sistem pasif, alat hanya mendengarkan. Pada sistem pasif maju, ada bank <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_sonik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data sonik (halaman belum tersedia)">data sonik</a> (sumber bunyi) yang besar. Sistem komputer menggunakan bank data tadi untuk mengenali kelas kapal, juga aksinya (kecepatan atau senjata yang ditembakkan).</div>
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SUMBER : <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar">https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar</a></div>
salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-49776367976605338722018-03-21T21:56:00.001-07:002018-03-21T21:56:11.319-07:00Ultrasonigrafi (USG)<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<b>Ultrasonografi medis</b> (<b>sonografi</b>) adalah sebuah teknik diagnostik <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pencitraan_medis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pencitraan medis (halaman belum tersedia)">pencitraan</a> menggunakan <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suara_ultra" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suara ultra">suara ultra</a> yang digunakan untuk mencitrakan organ internal dan otot, ukuran mereka, struktur, dan luka patologi, membuat teknik ini berguna untuk memeriksa organ. Sonografi obstetrik biasa digunakan ketika masa <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehamilan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kehamilan">kehamilan</a>.</div>
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Pilihan frekuensi menentukan resolusi gambar dan penembusan ke dalam tubuh pasien. Diagnostik sonografi umumnya beroperasi pada frekuensi dari 2 sampai 13 <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megahertz&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Megahertz (halaman belum tersedia)">megahertz</a>.</div>
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Sedangkan dalam fisika istilah "suara ultra" termasuk ke seluruh energi akustik dengan sebuah frekuensi di atas pendengaran manusia (20.000 <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hertz">Hertz</a>), penggunaan umumnya dalam penggambaran medis melibatkan sekelompok frekuensi yang ratusan kali lebih tinggi.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Kegunaan">Kegunaan</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultrasonografi_medis&veaction=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Kegunaan">sunting</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: #54595d;"> | </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultrasonografi_medis&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Kegunaan">sunting sumber</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Sonograph.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1600" data-file-width="1200" height="293" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sonograph.jpg/220px-Sonograph.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sonograph.jpg/330px-Sonograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sonograph.jpg/440px-Sonograph.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Sonograph.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Perbesar"></a></div>
Sonograf ini menunjukkan citra kepala sebuah janin dalam kandungan.</div>
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Ultrasonografi atau yang lebih dikenal dengan singkatan USG digunakan luas dalam <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medis">medis</a>. Pelaksanaan prosedur <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a> atau <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Terapi">terapi</a> dapat dilakukan dengan bantuan ultrasonografi (misalnya untuk <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biopsi">biopsi</a> atau pengeluaran cairan). Biasanya menggunakan probe yang digenggam yang diletakkan di atas pasien dan digerakkan: gel berair memastikan penyerasian antara pasien dan probe.</div>
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Dalam kasus kehamilan, Ultrasonografi (USG) digunakan oleh dokter spesialis kandungan (DSOG) untuk memperkirakan usia kandungan dan memperkirakan hari persalinan. Dalam dunia kedokteran secara luas, alat USG (ultrasonografi) digunakan sebagai alat bantu untuk melakukan diagnosa atas bagian tubuh yang terbangun dari cairan.</div>
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Ultrasonografi medis digunakan dalam:</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardiologi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kardiologi">Kardiologi</a>; lihat <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekokardiografi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ekokardiografi (halaman belum tersedia)">ekokardiografi</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endokrinologi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Endokrinologi">Endokrinologi</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginekologi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ginekologi">Ginekologi</a>; lihat <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultrasonografi_ginekologik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultrasonografi ginekologik (halaman belum tersedia)">ultrasonografi ginekologik</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrik" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Obstetrik">Obstetrik</a>; lihat <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultrasonografi_obstetrik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultrasonografi obstetrik (halaman belum tersedia)">ultrasonografi obstetrik</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ophthalmologi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ophthalmologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Ophthalmologi</a>; lihat <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biometri_suara_ultra_A-scan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biometri suara ultra A-scan (halaman belum tersedia)">ultrasonografi A-scan</a>, <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultrasonografi_B-scan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultrasonografi B-scan (halaman belum tersedia)">ultrasonografi B-scan</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urologi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Urologi">Urologi</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intravascular_ultrasound&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intravascular ultrasound (halaman belum tersedia)">Intravascular ultrasound</a></i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contrast_enhanced_ultrasound&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Contrast enhanced ultrasound (halaman belum tersedia)">Contrast enhanced ultrasound</a></i></li>
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USG tidak dapat digunakan untuk memantau lambung atau usus, karena banyak mengandung gas, sehingga pantulan USG akan buyar. Di Laboratorium Klinik Bebas yang tidak berada di Rumah Sakit, selain USG Kandungan dan USG Jantung (Echo), biasanya USG dibagi menjadi USG untuk:</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Seluruh Abdomen<ul style="list-style-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png"); list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Upper Abdomen<ul style="list-style-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png"); list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Thyroid^</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Payudara^</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Liver/Hati^</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Limpa</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Pankreas</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lower Abdomen<ul style="list-style-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png"); list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Ginjal^</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kandung Kemih</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Prostat^</li>
</ul>
</li>
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</li>
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Yang bertanda '^' dapat diperiksa terpisah, tetapi memeriksa Upper Abdomen saja atau Lower Abdomen saja hanya lebih mahal sedikit daripada memeriksa terpisah dan memeriksa Upper Abdomen dan Lower Abdomen sekaligus lebih murah daripada memeriksa sendiri-sendiri, oleh karena itu jika biaya tidak begitu menjadi masalah, maka lebih baik bagi mereka yang telah berusia 50 tahun atau mereka yang berusia di atas 40 tahun, tetapi menderita Diabetes, sebaiknya memeriksakan sekaligus Upper Abdomen dan Lower Abdomen, karena beberapa penyakit belum muncul gejalanya, jika belum parah, misalnya Tumor Payudara, Batu Empedu, Batu Pankreas, Pelemakan Hati, Batu Ginjal, Batu Kandung Kemih, Pembesaran Prostat.</div>
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SUMBER : <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonografi_medis">https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonografi_medis</a></div>
salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-2430180043976933602018-03-21T21:47:00.003-07:002018-03-21T21:47:42.727-07:00Pendengaran pada hewan<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
Frekuensi Suara Yang Bisa Didengar Binatang</h3>
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<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 100%;">Frekuensi suara yang bisa didengar oleh binatang sebenarnya adalah bermacam-macam tergantung dari jenis binatang itu sendiri. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Ada</st1:city></st1:place> yang mendekati dengan batas frekuensi yang bisa didengar oleh manusia dan ada juga yang jauh diatas frekuensi pendengaran manusia. Berdasarkan range frekuensi, gelombang suara dapat dibedakan menjadi 3 (tiga) macam yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Infrasonic (1 Hz sd 20 Hz)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Acoustic (20 Hz sd 20.000 Hz)<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Ultrasonic ( > 20.000 H)</li>
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<br /><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdZyT34jaDW0H3nup7wzXCkaPApMk18_QdHr1CcrPRJgo9I1RwAq2MEV-QHT-ZpM8QYlSiR5IDa9P1UPjbvqjItPkX_l1gr-ghoo4sli9T4YoQdDew22XO5C8g-3HBC7ON8jfDU44f415z/s1600/gambar+freq+binatang.JPG" style="color: dimgrey; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5476266103764335314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdZyT34jaDW0H3nup7wzXCkaPApMk18_QdHr1CcrPRJgo9I1RwAq2MEV-QHT-ZpM8QYlSiR5IDa9P1UPjbvqjItPkX_l1gr-ghoo4sli9T4YoQdDew22XO5C8g-3HBC7ON8jfDU44f415z/s320/gambar+freq+binatang.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 134px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 5px; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 417px;" /></a></span><div id="adsense-content" style="margin: 25px; text-align: center;">
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Berikut beberapa contoh hewan dengan batas frekuensi yang bisa didengarnya :</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="line-height: 24px;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b>Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Kelelawar<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Kelelawar merupakan hewan yang bisa terbang dalam kegelapan. Mereka tidak menggunakan mata untuk melihat dalam gelap melainkan dengan menggunakan suara dengan frekuensi tinggi atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai gelombang ultrasonic. Ketika terbang kelelawar memancarkan gelombang ultrasonic yang kemudian gelombang tersebut akan diterima kembali oleh kelelawar setelah dipantulkan kembali oleh benda atau dinding yang berada dihadapannya. Dengan merasakan lamanya jeda waktu antara pengiriman gelombang dengan penerimaan maka kelelawar dapat menentukan seberapa jauh jarak tubuhnya dengan benda tersebut, itu sebabnya mereka tidak akan menabrak dinding atau benda dihadapan mereka walaupun dalam keadaan gelap sekalipun. Teori ini sekarang sudah dimanfaatkan oleh manusia untuk mengukur jarak suatu benda, seperti pada pengukuran jarak kedalaman laut dan pendeteksi dinding penghalang pada aplikasi robot. Batas frekuensi yang bisa didengar oleh kelelawar adalah 3.000 HZ sd 120.000 Hz, dimana frekuensi ini jauh diatas frekuensi suara yang bisa didengar oleh manusia yakni 20 Hz sd 20.000 Hz.</div>
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<b>2. Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Kucing<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Kucing merupakan binatang karnivora yang sering dijadikan sebagai binatang peliharaan. Binatang yang satu ini juga bisa mendengar suara dengan frekuensi diatas pendengaran manusia yaitu 100 Hz sd 60.000 Hz.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>3. Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Gajah<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Gajah merupakan binatang herbivora yang berutubuh besar dan bisa mendengarkan suara dengan frekuensi infrasonic atau suara dengan frekuensi dibawah frekuensi pendengaran manusia. Batas frekuensi yang bisa didengar oleh gajah adalah 1 Hz sd 20.000 Hz.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>4. Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Tikus<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Tikus merupakan salah satu binatang yang banyak merugikan dibandingkan menguntungkan manusia. Hewan ini disimbolkan untuk para koruptor yang kerjaannya suka mencuri hak orang lain. Batas frekuensi yang bisa didengar oleh tikus adalah 1.000 Hz sd 100.000 Hz. Dengan memanfaatkan gelombang ultrasonic kita dapat mengusir binatang ini dari rumah kita. Berikut <a href="http://indelektro.blogspot.co.id/2010/06/skema-pengusir-tikus-rangkaian-pengusir.html" style="color: dimgrey; text-decoration-line: none;">rangkaian pengusir tikus</a></div>
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<b>5. Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Anjing<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Anjing merupakan binatang yang sering digunakan sebagai penjaga keamanan dan sebagai pelacak jejak karena mempunyai penciuman yang sangat tajam. Hewan ini juga bisa mendengarkan suara dengan frekuensi di atas frekuensi pendengaran manusia. Anjing bisa mendengar suara dengan frekuensi hingga 40.000 Hz.</div>
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<b>6. Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Lumba-lumba<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Lumba-lumba merupakan binatang yang banyak disenangi kebanyakan orang dikarenakan mereka sangat pintar dan bisa bersahabat dengan manusia dibanding dengan binatang air lainnya. Lumba-lumba bisa mendengar suara dengan frekuensi hingga 100.000 Hz, dan mereka menggunakan gelombang ultrasonic sebagai media komunikasi antara satu dengan lainnya.</div>
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<b>7. Frekuensi Yang Bisa Didengar Belalang<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Binatang satu ini merupakan biantang yang sering saya kejar-kejar di sawah pada waktu saya masih anak-anak. Karena memang waktu kecil saya banyak menghabiskan keseharian saya dengan aktivitas alam. Binatang ini juga ternyata bisa mendengarkan suara dengan frekuensi diatas frekuensi pendengan manusia yaitu hingga 50.000 Hz.</div>
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SUMBER : <a href="http://indelektro.blogspot.co.id/2010/05/frekuensi-suara-yang-bisa-didengar.htm">http://indelektro.blogspot.co.id/2010/05/frekuensi-suara-yang-bisa-didengar.htm</a>l</div>
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salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-55961192138205788012018-03-21T21:37:00.000-07:002018-03-21T21:38:17.344-07:00Mekanisme pendengaran manusia <br style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: sofia-pro, arial; font-size: 15px;" />
<img src="http://www.oaklandaudiology.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/ear_anatomy.jpg" /><br />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: sofia-pro, arial; font-size: 15px;"><a href="http://www.benuailmu.com/2014/08/mekanisme-mendengar-pada-manusia.html" style="background: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">Mekanisme Mendengar Atau Pendengaran Pada Manusia</a><span style="color: #2c3e50;"> - Telinga Merupakan Alat Pendengaran, </span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: , "arial"; font-size: 15px;">Sebagai sebuah alat pendengaran </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: sofia-pro, arial; font-size: 15px;">Telinga</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: , "arial"; font-size: 15px;"> dapat menangkap bunyi dalam bentuk gelombang suara. Jadi apa yang kita dengar adalah sebuah gelombang yang mempunyai getaran. Yang ditangkap oleh otak kita hanyalah sebuah getaran kemudian otak kita akan menerjemahkan apa yang ia dapat sehingga kita dapat mengetahui apa dan darimana suara itu terjadi.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: , "arial"; font-size: 15px;">Dapat kita bayangkan betapa cepatnya otak kita menerjemahkan sebuah gelombang sehingga kita dapat melakukan sebuah aktifitas </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: sofia-pro, arial; font-size: 15px;">mendengar</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: , "arial"; font-size: 15px;"> setiap saat. Dan kemudian, setelah otak kita dapat menerjemahkan sebuah gelombang itu maka otak kita akan memberikan sebuah tanggapan yang disebut </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: sofia-pro, arial; font-size: 15px;">Efektor</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: , "arial"; font-size: 15px;">.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: , "arial"; font-size: 15px;">Contohnya ketika ada sebuah gelombang suara yang berasal dari seorang wanita, Maka telinga kita akan menangkap gelombang suara itu dan kemudian otak kita akan langsung menerjemahkan gelombang suara tadi menjadi bunyi yang dapat kita mengerti. Seumpamanya gelombang yang telah di terjemahkan oleh otak itu adalah suara teriakan minta tolong, Maka otak kita akan sangat tanggap untuk memberikan efektor kepada sistem gerak untuk mencari sumber suara itu.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: , "arial"; font-size: 15px;">Nah, untuk yang lebih jelasnya. Bisa anda baca disini </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: sofia-pro, arial; font-size: 15px;">Mekanisme Pendengaran Pada Manusia :</b><br />
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<u>Pada telinga manusia</u>, semua suara dari luar dapat masuk karena dalam bentuk sebuah gelombang suara yang melalui medium udara. Sebelum kita dapat mendengar bunyi, Sebelumnya telinga akan menangkap dan mengumpulkan gelombang suara. Selanjutnya gelombang suara masuk ke dalam liang telinga ( Saluran pendengaran ) dan ditangkap gendang telinga (Membran Timpani). Akibatnya, gelombang suara tersebut mengalami vibrasi (Getaran). Getaran ini akan diteruskan menuju telinga tengah melalui 3 lubang kecil (Osikula) yakni :<br />
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<ul>
<li>Tulang Martil (maleus)</li>
<li>Tulang Landasan ( Inklus), dan</li>
<li>Tulang Sangurdi (stapes)</li>
</ul>
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Dari tulang sangurdi, getaran diteruskan menuju jendela bundar dengan arah gerak yang berlawanan. Setelah itu getaran dalam cairan koklea akan menggetarkan membran basiler dan getaran ini juga akan menyebabkan membran tektorial ikut bergetar. Getaran kemudian akan diubah menjadi impuls saraf, yang selanjutnya dihantarkan oleh saraf auditori menuju ke otak dan otak akan memberikan tanggapan sehingga kita dapat mendengar bunyi.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: , "arial"; font-size: 15px;">Demikianlah </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: sofia-pro, arial; font-size: 15px;"><a href="http://www.benuailmu.com/2014/08/mekanisme-mendengar-pada-manusia.html" style="background: transparent; color: #0053f9; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">Mekanisme Mendengar Atau Pendengaran Pada Manusia</a>. </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #2c3e50; font-family: , "arial"; font-size: 15px;">Tuhan telah menciptakan manusia sesempurna mungkin. Dan sekarang tugas kita hanyalah untuk menjaga agar tubuh kita selalu dalam keadaan baik. Tubuh yang kita pakai ini hanyalah sebuah wadah, dimana kita akan mengembalikan wadah ini ketempat asalnya masing-masing.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: , "arial";"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px;">SUMBER : </span><span style="font-size: 15px;"><a href="http://www.benuailmu.com/2014/08/mekanisme-mendengar-atau-pendengaran.html">http://www.benuailmu.com/2014/08/mekanisme-mendengar-atau-pendengaran.html</a></span></span>salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-29148346744318572682018-03-21T21:32:00.003-07:002018-03-21T21:32:25.033-07:00Bunyi<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">APA ITU BUNYI?</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bunyi merupakan gelombang mekanik yang dalam perambatannya arahnya sejajar dengan arah getarnya (gelombang longitudinal).</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Syarat terdengarnya bunyi ada 3 macam:</span></span></span></div>
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<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ada sumber bunyi</span></span></li>
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<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ada medium (udara)</span></span></li>
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<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ada pendengar</span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sifat-sifat bunyi meliputi :</span></span><ul style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 24px 9px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px 0px 14px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Merambat membutuhkan medium</span></span></li>
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<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px 0px 14px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Merupakan gelombang longitudinal</span></span></li>
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<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px 0px 14px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dapat dipantulkan</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Karakteristik Bunyi ada beberapa macam antara lain :</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Nada adalah bunyi yang frekuensinya teratur.</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Desah adalah bunyi yang frekuensinya tidak teratur.</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Warna bunyi adalah bunyi yang frekuensinya sama tetapi terdengar berbeda.</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dentum adalah bunyi yang amplitudonya sangat besar dan terdengar mendadak.</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cepat rambat bunyi</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Karena bunyi merupakan gelombang maka bunyi mempunyai cepat rambat yang dipengaruhi oleh 2 faktor yaitu :</span></span></span><ol style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 24px 9px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Kerapatan partikel medium yang dilalui bunyi. Semakin rapat susunan partikel medium maka semakin cepat bunyi merambat, sehingga bunyi merambat paling cepat pada zat padat.</span></span></li>
</ol>
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<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Suhu medium, semakin panas suhu medium yang dilalui maka semakin cepat bunyi merambat. Hubungan ini dapat dirumuskan kedalam persamaan matematis (v = v0 + 0,6.t) dimana v0 adalah cepat rambat pada suhu nol derajat dan t adalah suhu medium.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bunyi bedasarkan frekuensinya dibedakan menjadi 3 macam yaitu</span></span><ul style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 24px 9px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px 0px 14px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Infrasonik adalah bunyi yang frekuensinya kurang dari 20 Hz. Makhluk yang bisa mendengan bunyii infrasonik adalah jangkrik.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px 0px 14px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Audiosonik adalah bunyi yang frekuensinya antara 20 Hz sampai dengan 20 kHz. atau bunyi yang dapat didengar manusia.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px 0px 14px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ultrasonik adalah bunyi yang frekuensinya lebihdari 20 kHz. makhluk yang dapat mendengar ultrasonik adalah lumba-lumba.<a name='more'></a></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Persamaan yang digunakan dalam bab bunyi sama dengan pada bab gelombang yaitu v = s/t</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">BUNYI PANTUL</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bunyi pantul dibedakan menjadi 3 macam yaitu :</span></span></span><ol style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 24px 9px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bunyi pantul memperkuat bunyi asli yaitu bunyi pantul yang dapat memperkuat bunyi asli. Biasanya terjadi pada keadaan antara sumber bunyi dan dinding pantul jaraknya tidak begitu jauh (kurang dari 10 meter)</span></span></li>
</ol>
<ol style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 24px 9px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Gaung adalah bunyi pantul yang terdengar hampir bersamaan dengan bunyi asli. Biasanya terjadi pada jarak antara 10 sampai 20 meter.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<ol style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 24px 9px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Gema adalah bunyi pantul yang terdengar setelah bunyi asli. Biasanya terjadi pada jarak lebih dari 20 meter</span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Perbedaan antara Nada dengan Desah, Nada adalah bunyi yang mempunyai frekuensi teratur sedangkan Desah adalah bunyi yang mempunyai frekuensi tidak teratur.</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Beberapa manfaat gelombang bunyi dalam hal ini adalah pantulan gelombang bunyi adalah</span></span></span><ol style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 24px 9px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">dapat digunakan untuk mengukur kedalaman laut disini yang digunakan adalah bunyi ultrasonik</span></span></li>
</ol>
<ol style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 24px 9px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">mendeteksi janin dalam rahim, biasanya menggunakan bunyi infrasonik</span></span></li>
</ol>
<ol style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 24px 9px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">mendeteksi keretakan suatu logam dan lain-lain.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<ol style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 24px 9px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">diciptakannya speaker termasuk manfaat dari bunyi audiosonik.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Persamaan yang digunakan dalam bunyi sama dengan dalam gelombang yaitu v = s/t. Untuk bunyi pantul digunakan persamaan v = 2.s/t</span></span><br />
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SUMBER : <a href="https://alljabbar.wordpress.com/2008/06/08/bunyi/">https://alljabbar.wordpress.com/2008/06/08/bunyi/</a></div>
salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-60007052725559578432018-03-21T21:27:00.004-07:002018-03-21T21:27:35.411-07:00Gelombang <header style="border: 0px; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 729.922px;"><h1 class="title single-title entry-title" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: #252525; float: left; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 729.922px;">
Materi Gelombang Fisika</h1>
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Gelombang Fisika – Setelah kemarin kita belajar banyak tentang <a href="https://rumushitung.com/2014/01/12/getaran-fisika-dan-rumusnya/" style="border: 0px; color: #dd3333; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Getaran Fisika dan Rumusnya">getaran</a>, kali ini kita akan membahas satu materi fisika yaitu gelombang. Kalau sobat ditanya apa beda getaran dan gelombang, apa jawaban yang akan sobat berikan? Gelombang dan getaran adalah dua hal yang berbeda, sobat bisa temukan perbedaannya dengan mengikuti ulasan berikut</div>
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Apa itu Gelombang?</h3>
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Sobat bisa membayangkan <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">gelombang</strong> adalah getaran yang ia bergerak dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain dengan melalui media tertentu atau bahkan bisa tanpa melalui media (ruang hampa). Jadi gelombang adalah getaran yang berulang, ia merambat melalui media tertentu atau tanpa media, berpindah dari suatu tempat ke tempat yang lain. Medium sendiri adalah media atau zat yang membawa gelombang.</div>
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Macam-macam Gelombang</h3>
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Macam gelombang sangat banyak ada gelombang bunyi, radio, elektromagnet, dan masih banyak lagi. Akan tetapi yang sering kita dengar ada namanya gelombang transversal dan longitudinal. Penggolongan gelombang menjadi dua kelompok tersebut didasarkan pada arah getaran dan arah rambatnya.</div>
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a. Gelombang Transversal</h4>
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Yang dinamakan <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">gelombang transversal</em> adalah gelombang yang punya arah getaran yang tegak lurus terhadap arah perambatannya. Contoh gelombang transversal bisa sobat jumpai pada gelombang tali dan gelombang air. Karena arah rambatannya tegak lurus dengan arah getaran, bentuk gelombang ini adalah seperti gunung dan lembah yang berurutan. Berikut ini ilustrasi dan istilah-istilah pada gelombang transversal :</div>
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<a href="https://rumushitung.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/gelombang-tarnsversal.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #dd3333; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="gelombang tarnsversal" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-3749" height="154" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" src="https://rumushitung.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/gelombang-tarnsversal.jpg" srcset="https://rumushitung.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/gelombang-tarnsversal.jpg 400w, https://rumushitung.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/gelombang-tarnsversal-300x115.jpg 300w" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto !important; line-height: inherit; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #050505; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Puncak Gelombang</span> (Gunung) : titik-titik tertinggi pada gelombang<br /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dasar Gelombang</span> (Lembah) : titik-titik dasar terendah dari suatu gelombang<br /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bukit Gelombang</span> : bagian gelombang yang menyerupai gunung dengan titik tertingi –> puncak gelombang<br /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lembah Gelombang</span> : bagian gelombang yang menyerupai lembah dengan titik terendah –> dasar gelombang.<br /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Panjang Gelombang</span> : jarak antara dua puncak atau dua lembah gelombang<br /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Amplitudo</span> (A) : simpangan terjauh dari garis keseimbangan<br /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Periode</span> (T) : waktu yang diperlukan untuk menempuh jarak dua puncak atau dua lembah yang berurutan. Atau gampangnya sobat bisa bilang <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">waktu yang diperlukan untuk membuat satu gelombang.</span></div>
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b. Gelombang Longitudinal</h4>
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Gelombang longitudinal adalah gelombang yang getarannya punya arah yang sama dengan arah perambatannya. Pada gelombang ini gerakan dari medium gelombang searah dengan propagasi gelombang. Bunyi adalah salah satu contoh dari gelombang ini. Pada gelombang bunyi yang menjadi medium perantara adalah udara. Medium tersebut secara bergantian merapat dan merengang karena adanya pergeseran getaran (berpindah tempat). Istilah istilah dalam gelombang longitudinal.</div>
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<a href="https://rumushitung.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/gelombang-longitudinal.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #dd3333; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="gelombang longitudinal" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-3750" height="183" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" src="https://rumushitung.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/gelombang-longitudinal.jpg" srcset="https://rumushitung.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/gelombang-longitudinal.jpg 400w, https://rumushitung.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/gelombang-longitudinal-300x137.jpg 300w" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto !important; line-height: inherit; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #050505; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rapatan</span> : daerah sepanjang gelombang yang mempunyai rapatan atau tekanan molekul lebih tinggi<br /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Renggangan</span> : daerah sepangjang gelombang yang memiliki rapatan molekul yang lebih rendah<br /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Panjang 1 gelombang</span> : jaraka atara dua rapatan atau antara dua renggangan yang saling berdekatan.</div>
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Rumus Gelombang : Cepat Rambat, Frekuensi, Periode dan Panjang Gelombang</h3>
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Ada beberapa variabel yang dijumpai ketika belajar gelombang seperti cepat rambat, frekuensi, dan juga periode. Soal-soal fisika SMA tentang gelombang tidak akan jauh-jauh dati 3 variabel tersebut. Cepat rambat gelombang dilambangkan dengan (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">v</span>) adalah jarak yang ditempuh gelombang dalam waktu 1 detik. Hubungan antara keempat besaran tersebut adalah</div>
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“cepat rambat gelombang sama dengan perkalian panjang gelombang λ (baca lambda) dengan frekuensi”</div>
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<big style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><big style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">v = λ . </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">f</span></big></big></div>
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dari rumus di atas sobat bisa menurunkan beberapa rums<br />λ = v / <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">f</span><br />karena frekuensi berbanding terbalik langsung dengan periode <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">f</span> = 1 / t maka</div>
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<big style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><big style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">v = λ / t</span></big></big><big style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><big style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">λ = v . t</span></big></big></div>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #252525; font-family: "Roboto Slab"; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
Contoh Soal</h4>
<ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #050505; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 1.5em 0px 1.571em 2.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jika ada sumber getaran bergetar dengan frekuensi 200 Hz, panjang gelombang yang terpancar adalah 4 m, coba tentukan cepat rambat gelombang tersebut! Pilihan jawabannya<br /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(239, 239, 239); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 88px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 170px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. 550 m/s</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">d. 800 m/s</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. 600 m/s</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">c. 200 m/s</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Jawab :<br /><big style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">v = λ . <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">f</span></big> = 4 . 200 = 800 m/s, jawaban d</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Diketahui sebuah gelombang longitudinal dari sebuah lonceng adalah 20 Hz. Jika cepat rambat gelombang di udara adalah 360 m/s, maka jarak antar dua rapatan yang saling berdekatan adalah?<br /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(239, 239, 239); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 88px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 170px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. 10 m</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">d. 18 m</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. 11 m</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">e. 20 m</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">c. 14 m</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Jawab :<br />jarak antara dua rapatan yang saling berdekatan sama dengan jarak 1 gelombang (<big style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">λ).</big><br /><big style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">λ = v/<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">f</span> = 360/</big>20 = 18 m, jawaban d.</div>
</li>
</ol>
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<span style="color: #050505; font-family: Open Sans; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">SUMBER : </span></span><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"><a href="https://rumushitung.com/2014/02/19/materi-gelombang-fisika/">https://rumushitung.com/2014/02/19/materi-gelombang-fisika/</a></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-26693832571758741262018-03-21T21:20:00.001-07:002018-03-21T21:20:48.729-07:00Getaran <span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFcWIIwqczSd71XWtU_z94L4-pgEL1ZCdHngQ8XgveqIAbKwnZagUo84EUnBGzjYsm8XOMopg8st5xCDssBBX8Rpf4n_QcdL_ET7o0cSjfDeARoEE4A1AqXTeErq9X0m7_ne_NkxjBrkc/s1600/Untitled-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFcWIIwqczSd71XWtU_z94L4-pgEL1ZCdHngQ8XgveqIAbKwnZagUo84EUnBGzjYsm8XOMopg8st5xCDssBBX8Rpf4n_QcdL_ET7o0cSjfDeARoEE4A1AqXTeErq9X0m7_ne_NkxjBrkc/s320/Untitled-2.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 2px;" width="240" /></span></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>APA ITU GETARAN?</b></span> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Pada saat bergetar, benda melakukan suatu getaran. Getaran adalah gerakan bolak-balik yang ada di sekitar titik keseimbangan di mana kuat lemahnya dipengaruhi besar kecilnya energi yang diberikan. Satu getaran frekuensi adalah satu kali gerak bolak-balik penuh. Karena gerak yang terjadi bolak-balik secara teratur, getaran juga dapat disebut gerak periodik atau gerak berkala.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"></a><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuNx7dT5BSgnOYYvYEprKCh3I63kKeB9Uu6yMCguPFeMda_-mbrMM6dgr_JYyNyW0-oNM0RPwKq9LCe-f0BxmXxj2KKHLG9wGN1TN_0CwLgsO4LW4-l1WYAnOnDyS4f5wo287Z_hWmgoc/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuNx7dT5BSgnOYYvYEprKCh3I63kKeB9Uu6yMCguPFeMda_-mbrMM6dgr_JYyNyW0-oNM0RPwKq9LCe-f0BxmXxj2KKHLG9wGN1TN_0CwLgsO4LW4-l1WYAnOnDyS4f5wo287Z_hWmgoc/s320/Untitled-1.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 2px;" width="203" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAklk0-qM0BwwsGN_dRLiDnb0GoXoP9ITnO2l8XQtRxkK976dylWKGlGiW_REZouBS46aBJvEUINXB4sHTSW5X7de05tX2CprMTtC6Wk3u2S6awgI28z-AcNtkAgW_FuzdSdBYNsW2H1s/s1600/Untitled-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAklk0-qM0BwwsGN_dRLiDnb0GoXoP9ITnO2l8XQtRxkK976dylWKGlGiW_REZouBS46aBJvEUINXB4sHTSW5X7de05tX2CprMTtC6Wk3u2S6awgI28z-AcNtkAgW_FuzdSdBYNsW2H1s/s320/Untitled-2.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 2px;" width="240" /></span></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Pada gambar di atas, beban akan bergerak bolak-balik secara titik keseimbangan (A). Gerak itulah yang disebut getaran. Satu getaran gerak benda melalui A-B-A-C-A atau B-A-C-A-B atau bisa juga C-A-B-A-C.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Setiap benda yang bergetar pasti mempunyai simpangan getar. Simpangan getar adalah jarak kedudukan benda dari titik seimbangnya. Simpangan getar yang paling jauh disebut amplitudo. Amplitudo pada gambar di atas ditunjukkan oleh jarak AB atau AC. Dengan demikian, satu getaran dapat dikatakan sebagai gerak bolak-balik melalui titik seimbang dengan panjang lintasan sama dengan empat kali amplitudonya.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Periode getaran adalah waktu yang digunakan dalam satu getaran dan diberi simbol (T). Periode suatu getaran tidak tergantung pada amplitudo getaran. Frekuensi getaran adalah jumlah getaran yang dilakukan oleh sistem dalam satu detik, diberi simbol (f). </span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><b style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Ciri-ciri Getaran</b><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Getaran memiliki ciri-ciri, di antaranya:</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">1. Untuk menempuh lintasan satu getaran diperlukan waktu yang biasa disebut periode </span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">2. Banyaknya getaran dalam satu sekon disebut frekuensi (f)</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><b style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Jenis-jenis Getaran</b><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Terdapat dua jenis getaran, yaitu:</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">1. Getaran bebas terjadi bila sistem mekanis dimulai dengan gaya awal, lalu dibiarkan bergetar secara bebas. Contoh getaran seperti ini adalah memukul garpu tala dan membiarkannya bergetar, atau bandul yang ditarik dari keadaan setimbang lalu dilepaskan.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">2. Getaran paksa terjadi bila gaya bolak-balik atau gerakan diterapkan pada sistem mekanis. Contohnya adalah getaran gedung pada saat gempa bumi.</span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><b style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Gerak Harmonik</b><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Setiap gerak yang terjadi secara berulang dalam selang waktu yang sama disebut gerak periodik. Karena gerak ini terjadi secara teratur maka disebut juga sebagai gerak harmonik/harmonis. Apabila suatu partikel melakukan gerak periodik pada lintasan yang sama maka geraknya disebut gerak osilasi/getaran. Bentuk yang sederhana dari gerak periodik adalah benda yang berosilasi pada ujung pegas. Karenanya kita menyebutnya gerak harmonis sederhana. Banyak jenis gerak lain (osilasi dawai, roda keseimbangan arloji, atom dalam molekul, dan sebagainya) yang mirip dengan jenis gerakan ini.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, gerak bolak balik benda yang bergetar terjadi tidak tepat sama karena pengaruh gaya gesekan. Ketika kita memainkan gitar, senar gitar tersebut akan berhenti bergetar apabila kita menghentikan petikan. Demikian juga bandul yang berhenti berayun jika tidak digerakan secara berulang. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya gaya gesekan. Gaya gesekan menyebabkan benda-benda tersebut berhenti berosilasi. Jenis getaran seperti ini disebut getaran harmonik teredam. </span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Dalam gerak harmonik sederhana, bekerja resultan gaya yang arahnya selalu menuju titik kesetimbangan, gaya ini disebut gaya pemulih, besarnya berbanding lurus dengan posisi benda terhadap titik keseimbangan.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><b style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Gerak Harmonik dan pemulih pada ayunan sederhana</b><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1H8inohE9GwPuOuohz4G6_7y7ZU2lLD3sAaiC1XLOIgQwMP_IXkpYvHuMNIPuDEX2m6-WfZtP9dsFX_sZA2L7SxvA1rERLwMEnm1sRUOpvrd_ymx0SBQBM3-5JDp4tf19-V6u-zwTVBI/s1600/Untitled-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1H8inohE9GwPuOuohz4G6_7y7ZU2lLD3sAaiC1XLOIgQwMP_IXkpYvHuMNIPuDEX2m6-WfZtP9dsFX_sZA2L7SxvA1rERLwMEnm1sRUOpvrd_ymx0SBQBM3-5JDp4tf19-V6u-zwTVBI/s320/Untitled-4.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 2px;" width="181" /></span></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Ketika beban digantungkan pada ayunan dan tidak diberikan gaya maka benda akan diam di titik kesetimbangan A. Jika beban ditarik ke titik B dan dilepaskan, maka beban akan bergerak ke A, C, lalu kembali lagi ke B. Gerakan beban akan terjadi berulang secara periodik, dengan kata lain beban pada ayunan di atas melakukan gerak harmonik sederhana.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Komponen gaya lain adalah mg . Gaya ini selalu menuju titik kesimbangan ayunan dan tegak lurus terhadap tegangan tali. Gaya yang arahnya selalu menuju titik keseimbangan adalah gaya pemulih. Besar gaya pemulih pada ayunan sederhana dapat ditulis sebagai berikut: </span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Dengan:</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">F = Gaya pemulih (n)</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">g = Percepatan grafitasi (m/s2)</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">m = Massa benda (kg)</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">= Sudut simpangan</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Besaran fisika pada Gerak Harmonik Sederhana pada ayunan sederhana</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">a. Periode (T)</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Benda yang bergerak harmonis sederhana pada ayunan sederhana memiliki periode alias waktu yang dibutuhkan benda untuk melakukan satu getaran secara lengkap. Benda melakukan getaran secara lengkap apabila benda mulai bergerak dari titik di mana benda tersebut dilepaskan dan kembali lagi ke titik tersebut.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Jadi periode ayunan (T) adalah waktu yang diperlukan benda untuk melakukan satu getaran (disebut satu getaran jika benda bergerak dari titik di mana benda tersebut mulai bergerak dan kembali lagi ke titik tersebut). Satuan periode adalah sekon atau detik.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">b. Frekuensi (f)</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Selain periode, terdapat juga frekuensi alias banyaknya getaran yang dilakukan oleh benda selama satu detik. Yang dimaksudkan dengan getaran di sini adalah getaran lengkap. Satuan frekuensi adalah 1/sekon atau s-1. 1/sekon atau s-1 disebut juga hertz, menghargai seorang fisikawan. Hertz adalah nama seorang fisikawan.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">d. Amplitudo (A)</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Pada ayunan sederhana, selain periode dan frekuensi, terdapat juga amplitudo. Amplitudo adalah perpindahan maksimum dari titik kesetimbangan.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, Lucida Grande, Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px;">SUMBER : </span><span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="http://chelly10206.blogspot.co.id/2011/05/getaran.html">http://chelly10206.blogspot.co.id/2011/05/getaran.html</a></span></span>salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-50421491512467175832018-02-28T22:08:00.001-08:002018-02-28T22:08:07.910-08:00sistem ekskresi pada manusia <h2 style="text-align: center;">
<b><u>SISTEM EKSKRESI </u></b></h2>
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Mendiskusikan :</div>
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1. Apakah tubuh kita mengeluarkan zat sisa? Coba identifikasikan zat sisa yang dilekuarkan oleh tubuhmu!</div>
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2. Mengapa zat sisa yang ada di dalam tubuhmu harus dikeluarkan?</div>
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3. Bagaimana dampaknya jika zat sisa dalam tubuhmu tidak dikeluarkan? </div>
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Penyelesaian :</div>
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<b>1. Apakah tubuh kita mengeluarkan zat sisa? Coba identifikasikan zat sisa yang dilekuarkan oleh tubuhmu!</b></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #555555;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Setiap makhluk hidup mengeluarkan zat sisa agar tidak membahayakan dan meracuni tubuhnya. Alat ekskresi pada manusia berupa paru-paru, kulit, ginjal, dan anus. Paru-paru mengeluarkan zat sisa berupa karbon dioksida dan uap air. Kulit mengeluarkan zat sisa berupa keringat yang terdiri dari air, urea, dan garam. Ginjal mengeluarkan zat sisa berupa urin yang terdiri dari air, garam, dan urea. Anus merupakan poros sistem pencernaan yang mengeluarkan zat sisa berupa tinja, air, dan garam. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #555555;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ekskresi adalah proses pengeluaran sisa-sisa metabolisme tubuh. Dalam proses oksidasi makanan selain menghasilkan energi, tubuh organisme juga menghasilkan zat sisa yang harus dikeluarkan dari tubuh. Apabila zat sisa tersebut tidak dikeluarkan akan membahayakan tubuh. Contoh: Manusia mengeluarkan karbondioksida melalui paru–paru, ikan mengeluarkan karbondioksida melalui insang.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #020a1b; text-align: start;">Pengeluaran zat-zat sisa hasil metabolisme dari dalam tubuh dapat melalui ginjal, kulit, paru-paru, dan saluran pencernaan. </span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #020a1b; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #020a1b; text-align: start;">Zat-zat sisa hasil metabolisme yaang dikeluarkan antara lain Urine, Keringat,CO2 dan H2O, Pigmen (bilirubin, urobilin), Logam berat, Ca dan fe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #020a1b; text-align: start;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="text-align: start;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Mengapa zat sisa yang ada di dalam tubuhmu harus dikeluarkan?</span></b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Zat sisa metabolisme merupakan zat buangan atau hasil pembongkaran atas zat-zat makanan yang terdapat dalam tubuh makhluk hidup, yang berupa molekul-molekul kompleks. Zat sisa metabolisme ini dikeluarkan dari tubuh melalui proses eksreksi. Zat sisa metabolisme ini harus dikeluarkan dari tubuh karena sudah tidak memiliki manfaat pada proses yang terjadi di dalam tubuh, seperti H2O, CO2, NH3, asam urat,dan zat warna empedu. Hal ini dikarenakan apabila zat tersebut masih berada di dalam tubuh, maka akan menimbulkan racun yang akhirnya berdampak pada munculnya kelainan atau penyakit pada tubuh manusia.</span><br /><ol style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; margin: 1em 0px 1em 3em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">H2O yang berlebihan dalam tubuh juga dapat menyebabkan kelainan pada sistem pernapasan.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CO2 atau karbondioksida adalah zat sisa dari pembakaran makanan yang mengandung karbohidrat, protein, dan lemak. Karbondioksida yang berlebih dalam tubuh akan menyebabkan kelainan dalam sistem pernapasan.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NH3 atau amonia adalah sisa hasil pembongkaran makanan yang mengandung protein. Kelebihan zat ini akan menyebabkan racun bagi sel-sel dalam tubuh.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Asam urat adalah zat sisayang mengandung nitrogen, dimana zat ini juga dapat memberikan racun bagi tubuh, walau kadar racun dalam zat ini lebih rendah jika dibandingkan amonia.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Zat warna empedu adalah sisa pembongkaran sel darah merah yang dilakukan oleh hati kemudian disimpan dalam kantung empedu dalam tubuh. Kelebihan zat ini dalam tubuh juga dapat memberikan racun bagi sel-sel tubuh.</li>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Tubuh memiliki mekanisme untuk membuang sampah-sampah yang tidak dibutuhkan. Didalam tubuh, terdapat zat-zat sisa metabolisme yang sudah tidak diperlukan oleh tubuh. Ternyata, zat-zat sisa metabolisme dapat meracuni tubuh jika tidak dikeluarkan.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Di bawah ini adalah berbagai jenis kotoran yang dihasilkan tubuh atau keluar dari tubuh manusia dalam kehidupannya, yaitu antara lain:<span id="more-326" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />1. Keringat<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="height: auto;"><img alt="Hasil gambar untuk gambar keringat" class="" height="110" src="https://i2.wp.com/balitapedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/mengatasi_keringat_berlebih_saat_hamil.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="226" /></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />2. Kotoran Hidung / Upil<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="height: auto;"><img alt="Hasil gambar untuk ngupil" class="" height="141" src="https://laurenciadeninta.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/2f4ad-ngupil252c2bfenomena2byang2btak2bbisa2bdijelaskan2bsecara2bilmiah.jpg?w=205&h=141" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="205" /></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />3. Kotoran Mata / Belek<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />4. Kotoran Telinga / Congek<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="height: auto;"><img alt="Hasil gambar untuk kotoran telinga" class="" height="124" src="https://i1.wp.com/cdn1-a.production.liputan6.static6.com/medias/903082/big/014636500_1434510071-kotoran_telinga__a_.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="224" /></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />5. Lemak Wajah<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="height: auto;"><img alt="Hasil gambar untuk lemak wajah" class="" height="121" src="https://i2.wp.com/haicantik.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Cara-Menghilangkan-Lemak-Wajah-640x330.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="235" /></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Serta banyak lagi sampah manusia yang dikeluarkan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Alat Ekskresi Manusia dan Fungsinya</i> – Ekskresi merupakan proses pengeluaran sisa hasil metabolisme yang sudah tidak dibutuhkan oleh tubuh. Zat sisa metabolisme bersifat racun bagi tubuh. Oleh karena itu kerusakan pada alat ekskresi dapat menyebabkan berbagai penyakit di dalam tubuh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Alat ekskresi juga berfungsi membuang zat-zat yang jumlahnya berlebihan di dalam tubuh. Hal ini berkaitan dengan sistem osmoregulasi, yaitu pengaturan keseimbangan konsentrasi cairan dalam tubuh.</span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Bagaimana dampaknya jika zat sisa dalam tubuhmu tidak dikeluarkan? </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Hal ini akan ber<span style="background-color: white; color: #020a1b;">ampa pada proses eksresi dan pencernaan akan terganggu dan dapat menimbulkan penyakit.</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #020a1b;">Hal ini juga akan mengakibatkan sejumlah gangguan, diantaranya : </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #020a1b; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>1. Ginjal </b></span></span></div>
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<table style="background-color: white; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 27px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 540px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="162"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">1. Uremia</span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="376"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">tertimbunnya urea dalam darah sehingga mengakibatkan keracunan.</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="162"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">2. Albuminuria</span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="376"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">urine mengandung albumin(protein) yang disebabkan oleh kerusakan pada glomerulus.</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="162"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">3. Diabetes insipidus</span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="376"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">penyakit kekurangan hormon vasopresin atau hormon antidiuretik(ADH) yang mengakibatkan hilangnya kemampuan mereabsorpsi cairan. Akibatnya, penderita bisa mengeluarkan urine berlimpah mencapai 20 liter.</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="162"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">4. Diabetes melitus</span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="376"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">terdapat glukosa dalam urine. Terjadi karena menurunnya hormon insulin yang dihasilkan pankreas.</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="162"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">5. Nefritis</span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="376"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">gangguan pada ginjal karena infeksi bakteri streptococcus sehingga protein masuk ke dalam urine.</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="162"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">6. Batu ginjal</span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="376"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">adanya endapan garam kalsium di dalam kantong kemih</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="162"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">7. Gagal ginjal</span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="376"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">ginjal tidak dapat menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik sehingga harus dibantu dengan cuci darah atau cangkok ginjal.</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="162"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">8. Hematuria</span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgba(155, 162, 175, 0.25); border-bottom-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6.75px 3px 5.75px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="376"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">urin mengandung darah karena adanya kerusakan pada glomerulus.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #020a1b; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>2. Kulit </b></span></span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Jerawat merupakan gangguan pada kelenjar minyak yang umumnya dialami oleh anak remaja.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Scabies atau kudis merupakan penyakit kulit karena tungau(<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sarcoptes scabies</em>).</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pruvitus kutanea</em> merupakan penyakit kulit dengan gejala timbul rasa gatal yang dipicu oleh iritasi saraf sensorik perifer.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Eksim atau alergi merupakan penyakit kulit karena infeksi atau iritasi bahan luar yang termakan atau menyentuh kulit.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Gangren adalah kelainan pada kulit yang disebabkan oleh matinya sel-sel jaringan tubuh. Ini disebabkan oleh suplai darah yang buruk di bagian tertentu salah satunya akibat penekanan pada pembuluh darah tertentu(seperti balutan yang terlalu ketat).</span></li>
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<b>3. Paru-paru</b></article><article><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></article><article><ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 27px 27px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Asma atau sesak nafas. Disebabkan alergi terhadap benda-benda asing yang masuk hidung.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Kanker paru-paru. Disebabkan oleh kebiasaan merokok atau terlalu banyak menghirup debu asbes, kromium, produk petroleum, dan radiasi ionisasi yang memengaruhi pertukaran das di paru-paru.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Emfisema adalah penyakit pembengkakan alveolus yang menyebabkan saluran pernafasan menyempit.</span></li>
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<span style="color: #656e7f; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>4. Hati </b></span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Penyakit wilson merupakan penyakit keturunan dengan kadar zat tembaga dalam tubuh yang berlebihan sehingga mengakibatkan gangguan fungsi hati.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Hepatitis merupakan radang atau pembengkakan hati.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sirosis merupakan penyakit hati yang kronis dan mengakibatkan guratan pada hati sehingga hati menjadi tidak berfungsi.</span></li>
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<span style="color: #656e7f; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">sumber : </span></div>
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<u><a href="http://choimirshadonella.blogspot.co.id/2014/03/mengeluarkan-zat-sisa-ekskresi.html">http://choimirshadonella.blogspot.co.id/2014/03/mengeluarkan-zat-sisa-ekskresi.html</a></u></div>
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<u><a href="https://brainly.co.id/tugas/616521">https://brainly.co.id/tugas/616521</a></u></div>
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<u><a href="http://gurupintar.com/threads/mengapa-zat-sisa-metabolisme-harus-dikeluarkan.2980/">http://gurupintar.com/threads/mengapa-zat-sisa-metabolisme-harus-dikeluarkan.2980/</a></u></div>
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<u><a href="https://laurenciadeninta.wordpress.com/2017/02/01/mengapa-sampah-yang-ada-didalam-tubuh-manusia-harus-dikeluarkan/">https://laurenciadeninta.wordpress.com/2017/02/01/mengapa-sampah-yang-ada-didalam-tubuh-manusia-harus-dikeluarkan/</a></u></div>
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<u><a href="https://brainly.co.id/tugas/14215648">https://brainly.co.id/tugas/14215648</a></u></div>
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salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-12456253049413086472018-02-12T22:18:00.004-08:002018-02-12T22:18:47.151-08:00kanker paru paru <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: museosans300, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
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<b>Apa itu kanker paru-paru ? </b></h3>
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Kanker paru-paru adalah suatu kondisi dimana sel-sel tumbuh secara tidak terkendali di dalam paru-paru (organ yang berfungsi untuk menyebarkan oksigen ke dalam darah saat menghirup napas dan membuang karbondioksida saat menghela napas). Kanker paru-paru merupakan salah satu jenis kanker yang paling umum terjadi.</div>
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Meskipun begitu, kanker paru-paru termasuk salah satu jenis kanker yang paling bisa dicegah. Kondisi ini kebanyakan diderita oleh para perokok aktif dan pasif. Pada tahap awal, tidak ada tanda atau gejala kanker paru-paru yang jelas. Tapi kemudian gejala seperti <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/batuk-batuk/" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">batuk </a>secara berkelanjutan hingga mengalami <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/batuk-darah" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">batuk darah</a>, selalu merasa kehabisan napas, kelelahan tanpa alasan,dan penurunan berat badan akan muncul.</div>
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<img alt="Kanker Paru-paru-Alodokter" class="alignnone wp-image-4508 size-full" height="433" src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dk0z4ums3/image/upload/v1470387974/attached_image/kanker-paru-paru-alodokter.jpg" style="height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%;" width="650" /></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Penderita Kanker Paru-paru di Indonesia</span></h4>
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Berdasarkan data WHO, kanker paru-paru adalah salah satu jenis kanker yang paling sering menyerang laki-laki Indonesia. Berdasarkan data Globocan atau <em style="border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">International Agency for Research on Cancer</em> (IARC) pada tahun 2012, di Indonesia terdapat 25.322 kasus kanker paru-paru yang menimpa pria dan 9.374 kasus yang menimpa wanita.</div>
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Hasil <a href="http://kanker.kemkes.go.id/guidelines/PNPKParu.pdf" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">penelitian</a> pada 100 Rumah Sakit di Jakarta menunjukkan bahwa kanker paru merupakan kasus kanker terbanyak pada laki-laki, dan nomor empat terbanyak pada wanita. Angka kejadian kanker paru cukup rendah pada usia di bawah 40 tahun, dan semakin meningkat hingga usia 70 tahun.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jenis Kanker Paru-paru yang Ada</span></h4>
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Terdapat dua jenis kanker paru-paru primer berdasarkan jenis selnya, yaitu kanker paru-paru sel kecil (<em style="border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">small-cell lung cancer</em>/SCLC) dan kanker paru-paru non-sel kecil (<em style="border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">non-small-cell lung cancer</em>/NSCLC). Kanker paru-paru non-sel kecil berpeluang empat kali lebih sering terjadi dibandingkan dengan kanker paru-paru sel kecil.</div>
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Kanker paru-paru sel kecil (SCLC) biasanya hanya menimpa para perokok berat dan penyebarannya lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan kanker paru-paru non-sel kecil (NSCLC).</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Orang Yang Berisiko Terkena Kanker Paru-paru</span></h4>
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Merokok bisa dikatakan sebagai penyebab utama kanker paru-paru. Orang yang paling berisiko terkena kanker paru-paru adalah perokok aktif. Sekitar 85 persen kanker paru-paru dikaitkan dengan kebiasaan merokok. Meski begitu, bukan berarti setiap perokok akan terkena kanker paru-paru. Selain itu, orang yang tidak merokok juga berkemungkinan terserang kanker paru-paru, meski lebih rendah jumlahnya.</div>
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Selain rokok, beberapa penyebab kanker paru-paru lain adalah menghirup arsenik, radiasi, dan polusi udara. Kanker paru-paru juga lebih umum terjadi pada orang yang sudah lanjut usia.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pengobatan Pada Kanker Paru-paru</span></h4>
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Ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi metode pengobatan dan penanganan yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi kanker paru-paru yaitu:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Seberapa parah penyebaran kanker.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kondisi kesehatan pasien.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jenis kanker yang diderita.</li>
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Operasi pengangkatan kanker bisa dilakukan jika sel kanker belum menyebar secara luas ke bagian tubuh yang lainnya. Jika kondisi kesehatan tidak memungkinkan untuk dilakukan operasi pengangkatan, cara penanganan yang lainnya bisa diterapkan. Proses penghancuran sel kanker dengan cara radioterapi bisa dijalankan.</div>
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Kanker paru-paru umumnya tidak menimbulkan gejala sebelum sel-sel kanker tersebut menyebar ke bagian besar paru-paru atau ke bagian tubuh lainnya. Kesembuhan tergantung kepada penyebaran kanker dan kapan diagnosis kanker diketahui. Makin awal diagnosis yang dilakukan, kemungkinan pengobatan untuk berhasil juga menjadi lebih tinggi.</div>
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Pada tahap awal, kanker paru-paru tidak menyebabkan gejala apa pun. Gejala hanya akan muncul ketika perkembangan kanker telah mencapai suatu tahap tertentu. Berikut ini adalah gejala-gejala utama yang akan dialami penderita kanker paru-paru, di antaranya:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.alodokter.com/batuk-batuk/" style="border: 0px; color: #3973cf; font-family: museosans300; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Batuk </a>yang berkelanjutan dan bertambah parah, hingga akhirnya mengalami <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/batuk-darah" style="border: 0px; color: #3973cf; font-family: museosans300; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">batuk darah</a>.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mengalami sesak napas dan rasa nyeri di dada.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mengalami kelelahan tanpa alasan.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pembengkakan pada muka atau leher.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.alodokter.com/sakit-kepala" style="border: 0px; color: #3973cf; font-family: museosans300; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Sakit kepala</a>.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sakit pada tulang, bisa pada bahu, lengan atau tangan.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Berat tubuh menurun.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kehilangan selera makan.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Suara menjadi serak.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kesulitan menelan atau sakit saat menelan sesuatu.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Perubahan pada bentuk jari, yaitu ujung jari menjadi cembung.</li>
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Segera temui dokter atau pergi ke klinik untuk memastikan diagnosis dari gejala yang dialami.</div>
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Penyebab utama dari kanker paru-paru adalah merokok, baik pada perokok aktif maupun pada perokok pasif. Tapi orang yang tidak merokok maupun terkena pajanan asap rokok juga dapat menderita kanker paru-paru. Beberapa penyebab dari kanker paru-paru akan dijelaskan lebih lanjut di bawah ini.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Perokok Aktif dan Perokok Pasif</span></h4>
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Sekitar 80-90 persen kasus kanker paru-paru disebabkan oleh kebiasaan merokok. Maka para perokok aktif menjadi kelompok yang paling berisiko. Asap rokok yang dihisap, mengandung lebih dari 60 zat-zat beracun yang dapat memicu perkembangan kanker. Zat-zat beracun ini dikenal dengan sebutan karsinogenik. Misalnya nikotin yang dipakai di dalam insektisida serta tar yang digunakan dalam pembuatan aspal jalanan.</div>
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Pada awalnya, kerusakan ini dapat diperbaiki oleh tubuh. Tapi pengulangan dan keberlanjutan dari merokok menyebabkan kerusakan pada jaringan paru-paru terus bertambah. Kerusakan inilah yang mengakibatkan sel-sel bereaksi secara tidak normal hingga akhirnya muncul sel kanker.</div>
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Saat ini, lebih dari 60 juta penduduk Indonesia adalah perokok aktif. Jumlah ini terus bertambah dari tahun ke tahun. Indonesia berada di urutan ketiga dalam negara-negara dengan perokok aktif tertinggi, di belakang China dan India.</div>
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Selain tembakau, ganja juga mengandung zat-zat yang dapat memicu kanker. Tembakau sering dicampur dengan ganja. Meski kuantitas tembakau yang dicampur dengan ganja lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan rokok, para perokok ganja mengisap lebih dalam dan lebih lama. Dampak mengisap tembakau yang dicampur dengan ganja jauh lebih buruk daripada mengisap rokok tembakau biasa.</div>
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Perokok pasif adalah orang yang terkena pajanan asap rokok tapi tidak merokok secara langsung. Meski tidak merokok secara langsung, perokok pasif tetap berisiko terkena kanker paru-paru. Risiko perokok pasif terkena kanker paru-paru meningkat setidaknya 20 persen dibandingkan orang yang tidak terkena pajanan asap rokok.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Polusi Udara</span></h4>
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Menurut data WHO, Asia Tenggara berada di posisi kedua sebagai wilayah penyumbang buruknya polusi udara di dunia. Risiko terkena kanker paru-paru akan meningkat jika kita terkena pajanan polusi udara contohnya dari asap kendaraan atau asap pabrik. Sekitar satu dari 100 kematian karena kanker paru-paru diakibatkan oleh tingkat polusi yang tinggi. Menghirup asap pembuangan dari kendaraan maupun pabrik bisa memiliki dampak yang sama seperti merokok pasif.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pajanan di Tempat Kerja</span></h4>
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Beberapa pekerjaan memiliki kemungkinan kaitan dengan meningkatnya risiko terkena kanker paru-paru. Pegawai yang terkena pajanan beberapa senyawa kimia yang bersifat karsinogenik, seperti asbes, nikel, batu bara, silika, dan arsenik memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk menderita kanker paru-paru.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pajanan Radiasi</span></h4>
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Radon adalah bagian dari udara yang kita hirup. Radon adalah gas radioaktif yang muncul secara alami. Gas ini berasal dari batuan dan tanah dalam jumlah yang sangat kecil.</div>
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Gas radon ini bisa berpindah tempat melalui tanah. Gas ini akan masuk ke dalam rumah melalui celah-celah pondasi, pipa, saluran air atau lubang terbuka lainnya. Gas ini bisa diuji dengan alat pengujian sederhana, karena gas radon bersifat tidak kasat mata dan tidak berbau. Jika dihirup, gas radon dapat merusak paru-paru, terutama bagi seorang perokok.</div>
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<span style="font-family: museosans300, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7mAVWdQdu8">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7mAVWdQdu8</a></span></div>
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sumber : <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/kanker-paru-paru/penyebab">http://www.alodokter.com/kanker-paru-paru/penyebab</a></div>
salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-803545104586077011.post-14609613936459658102018-02-12T22:11:00.001-08:002018-02-12T22:11:20.241-08:00asma<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: museosans300, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
Asma adalah jenis penyakit jangka panjang atau kronis pada saluran pernapasan yang ditandai dengan peradangan dan penyempitan saluran napas yang menimbulkan sesak atau sulit bernapas. Selain sulit bernapas, penderita asma juga bisa mengalami gejala lain seperti nyeri dada, batuk-batuk, dan mengi. Asma bisa diderita oleh semua golongan usia, baik muda atau tua.</div>
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Meskipun penyebab pasti asma belum diketahui secara jelas, namun ada beberapa hal yang kerap memicunya, seperti asap rokok, debu, bulu binatang, aktivitas fisik, udara dingin, infeksi virus, atau bahkan terpapar zat kimia.</div>
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Bagi seseorang yang memiliki penyakit asma, saluran pernapasannya lebih sensitif dibandingkan orang lain yang tidak hidup dengan kondisi ini. Ketika paru-paru teriritasi pemicu di atas, maka otot-otot saluran pernapasan penderita asma akan menjadi kaku dan membuat saluran tersebut menyempit. Selain itu, akan terjadi peningkatan produksi dahak yang menjadikan bernapas makin sulit dilakukan.</div>
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<img alt="Asma-alodokter" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2390" height="433" src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dk0z4ums3/image/upload/v1469591829/attached_image/asma-alodokter.jpg" style="height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%;" width="650" /></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a name='more'></a>Penderita asma di Indonesia</span></h4>
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Laporan riset kesehatan dasar oleh Kementrian Kesehatan RI tahun 2013 memperkirakan jumlah pasien asma di Indonesia mencapai 4.5 persen dari total jumlah penduduk. Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah menduduki peringkat penderita asma terbanyak sebanyak 7.8 persen dari total penduduk di daerah tersebut.</div>
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Menurut data yang dikeluarkan <a href="http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">WHO</a> pada bulan Mei tahun 2014, angka kematian akibat penyakit asma di Indonesia mencapai 24.773 orang atau sekitar 1,77 persen dari total jumlah kematian penduduk. Setelah dilakukan penyesuaian umur dari berbagai penduduk, data ini sekaligus menempatkan Indonesia di urutan ke-19 di dunia perihal kematian akibat asma.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Diagnosis asma</span></h4>
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Untuk mengetahui apakah seorang pasien menderita penyakit asma, maka dokter perlu melakukan sejumlah tes. Namun sebelum tes dilakukan, dokter biasanya akan mengajukan pertanyaan pada pasien mengenai gejala apa saja yang dirasakan, waktu kemunculan gejala tersebut, dan riwayat kesehatan pasien serta keluarganya.</div>
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Jika seluruh keterangan yang diberikan pada pasien mengarah pada penyakit asma, maka selanjutnya dokter bisa melakukan tes untuk memperkuat diagnosis, misalnya:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Spirometri</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tes Arus Puncak Ekspirasi (APE)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Uji Provokasi Bronkus</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pengukuran Status Alergi</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CT Scan</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rontgen</li>
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Jika seseorang terdiagnosis mengidap asma saat kanak-kanak, gejalanya mungkin bisa menghilang ketika dia remaja dan muncul kembali saat usianya lebih dewasa. Namun gejala asma yang tergolong menengah atau berat di masa kanak-kanak, akan cenderung tetap ada walau bisa juga muncul kembali. Kendati begitu, asma bisa muncul di usia berapa pun dan tidak selalu berawal dari masa kanak-kanak.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pengobatan asma</span></h4>
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Ada dua tujuan dalam pengobatan penyakit asma, yaitu meredakan gejala dan mencegah gejala kambuh. Untuk mendukung tujuan tersebut, diperlukan rencana pengobatan dari dokter yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi pasien. Rencana pengobatan meliputi cara mengenali dan menangani gejala yang memburuk, serta obat-obatan apa yang harus digunakan.</div>
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Penting bagi pasien untuk mengenali hal-hal yang dapat memicu asma mereka agar dapat menghindarinya. Jika gejala asma muncul, obat yang umum direkomendasikan adalah inhaler pereda.</div>
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Bilamana terjadi serangan asma dengan gejala yang terus memburuk (secara perlahan-lahan atau cepat) meskipun sudah ditangani dengan inhaler atau obat-obatan lainnya, maka penderita harus segera mendapatkan penanganan di rumah sakit. Meski jarang terjadi, serangan asma bisa saja membahayakan nyawa. Bagi penderita asma kronis, peradangan pada saluran napas yang sudah berlangsung lama dan berulang-ulang bisa menyebabkan penyempitan permanen.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Komplikasi asma</span></h4>
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Berikut ini adalah dampak akibat penyakit asma yang bisa saja terjadi:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Masalah psikologis (cemas, stres, atau depresi).</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Menurunnya performa di sekolah atau di pekerjaan.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tubuh sering terasa lelah.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gangguan pertumbuhan dan pubertas pada anak-anak.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Status asmatikus (kondisi asma parah yang tidak respon dengan terapi normal).</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pneumonia.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gagal pernapasan.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kerusakan pada sebagian atau seluruh paru-paru.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kematian.</li>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mengendalikan penyakit asma</span></h4>
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Jika Anda kebetulan mengidap asma atau hidup dengan asma sejak lama, jangan cemas dengan kondisi ini karena asma merupakan penyakit yang masih dapat dikendalikan asalkan Anda:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mengenali dan menghindari pemicu asma.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mengikuti rencana penanganan asma yang dibuat bersama dokter.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mengenali serangan asma dan melakukan langkah pengobatan yang tepat.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Menggunakan obat-obatan asma yang disarankan oleh dokter secara teratur.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Memonitor kondisi saluran napas Anda.</li>
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Jika penggunaan <i>inhaler</i> pereda asma reaksi cepat makin meningkat, segera konsultasikan kepada dokter agar rencana penanganan asma Anda disesuaikan kembali. Selain itu, disarankan untuk melakukan <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/flu/pencegahan/" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">vaksinasi influenza</a> dan <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/pneumonia/pencegahan/" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3973cf; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">pneumonia</a> secara teratur untuk mencegah memburuknya penyakit asma yang disebabkan kedua penyakit tersebut.</div>
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<span style="font-family: museosans300, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzfLDi-sL3w">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzfLDi-sL3w</a></span></div>
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sumber : <a href="http://www.alodokter.com/asma">http://www.alodokter.com/asma</a></div>
salsabiladewiamaliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05192348316382256486noreply@blogger.com0